Main directions of the modern search of the antibiofilm preparations aimed at adhesive bacterial reactions, control of QS-systems, influence over bis-(3’-5’)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (cdi-GMP), and secretory bacterial processes are analysed. Approaches for biofilm dispersal and increasing the sensitivity of biofilm bacteria to antimicrobial drugs are discussed. It is underlined that the majority of inhibitor molecules were studied in vitro or in infected mice experiments. It is prognosed that in future there will appear medical preparations which will help for fighting bacterial biofilms preventing their development and spreading in the host organism.

Chronic viral hepatitis C is one of the major health challenges in the present decade. Every year about 3–4 million of newly infected patients added to reservoir of infection that according to the experts estimates contain more than 170 million of individuals. After introduction of the routine blood products screening for hepatitis C virus, mother-to-child transmission became the major source of hepatitis C infection in childhood. This review represent the modern understanding of the genetic and immune mechanism of hepatitis C virus persistence after mother-to-child transmission, development of innate chronic hepatitis C, current practices and perspectives for its prevention presented in English language sources of scientific information.

The article contains the modern literature data about impact of various infectious agents on the development and progression of atherosclerotic disease. The data are demonstrated the role of various infectious diseases, including periodontal diseases, in the development of biological degradation and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. The article questions of organization of primary prevention of cardiovascular disease based on the screening assessment by stomatologist the oral sanitary status. Necessary to carry out sanitation of chronic infection foci of the mouth on the basis of existing children’s health centers. The children’s health centers have a set of dental equipment, with which can perform a screening diagnosis of dental caries, periodontal diseases, non-carious lesions, diseases of the mucous membranes, and conduct preventive oral sanitation. The duties of dental hygienists is teaching children of different age groups to the rules of oral care, demonstration of skills, brushing teeth, information about the importance of prevention of dental caries and periodontal disease, as it is not only important for the preservation of the teeth, but also may prevent the development of ardiovascular
disease adulthood.

Translocation of bacterial components, including endotoxin of gram-negative microorganisms, is considered as one of the factors, contributing to hyperactivation of immune system in HIV-infection and progression of the disease. Possible reasons for increased intestinal permeability are discussed: massive loss of intestinal CD4-lymphocytes, especially during acute phase of disease, significant decrease in tight junction protein expression, on-going viral replication and constant inflammation of gut mucosa, altered gut micro ecology. Results of investigations of the role of microbial translocation in progression of HIV-infection are presented.

Measurement of metabolic processes in lymphocytes in Varicella zoster infection showed highly increased intercellular glycolisys activity with functional cellular overload. Same time, we discovered decreased level of intensivity of first stages of TCC, that rules to lower cycle energetic efficiency and intense metabolitsaminoacides intake for TCC, guiding to high aminoacides transport to lymphocytes. Usage of succinic acid and its salts gives more substrates for TCC, increasing its energetic efficiency and lymphocytes functional activity.

Acute phase response represents a constellation of local and systemic reactions of the organism to the tissue damage caused by various reasons – infection, trauma, inflammation, tumor growth. So-called proteins of acute phase have a special value among the factors causing some changes in the case of inflammation. In the article the features of acute phase response to the inflammation and regulating role of adaptation hormones in the case of acute respiratory infection complicated by pneumonia in children living in the conditions of Far North (Yakutia) among the native population and the arrived one werer characterized. 112 children with acute respiratory infection accompanied by pneumonia and 42 practically healthy ones have been examined in the conditions of Far North. Both Russian and local population is forced to fight with pneumonia by the activation of free radical oxidation, i.e. usage of «respiratory explosion» reactions to get protected against inflammatory processes. The intensity difference in the biochemical response among the members of the two ethnic groups of patients is identified. Some considerable changes in С-reactive protein level, especially among Russians in the group with a high level of free radical oxidation (10 times above normal level) are noted. Higher level of α-2-macroglobulin among children with a low level of free radical oxidation is also observed in the group of Russian children. The levels of transferrin and prealbumin are characterized by a valid increase only during the period of reconvalescence, after their synthesis activation by glucocorticoids the level of which is already increased during the acute period. The conducted research has confirmed valid shifts of adaptation hormone level, acute phase proteins and free radical oxidation processes in blood of children with cute respiratory infection accompanied by pneumonia in the conditions of Far North. More expressed changes can be observed among the children of the arrived population, as being less adapted for the conditions of Far North.

The results of immunological monitoring of 40 children with early congenital syphilis in the acute period and after specific therapy. Revealed that the severity of changes in the immune system depend on the clinical form of the disease and the most significant group of children with polisimptomnym over syphilitic infection. The majority of the investigated immunological parameters after specific therapy in patients of this group are not restored to control values, which can be regarded as serious, not smooth during desease. Babies with early monosemeiotic form of congenital syphilis immunological indicators partially recovered, indicating a possible protracted course of the process. At the same time, patients with latent form of the disease immunological parameters restored to control values, which suggest
a favorable prognosis.

The effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on human infectious immunity are not well studied. On the one hand, solar and artificial UU sources have been shown to change cytokine levels in human skin, lymphocyte subpopulation counts in parepheral blood, lymphocyte DNA synthesis and prolifarative response to mitogens. On the other hand, there are just only one or two observations suggesting an influence of UV radiation on human infection course. For instance, UV irradiations have been reported to induce a reccurence of orofacial vesicular lesions caused by herpes siplex virus. Moreover, there is a lack of data concerning immune effects of suberythtemal doses of UV in spite of a long history of using them by Russian prophylactic medicine. In this work we questioned whether such suberythemal UV exposures can affect the immune responses of children to infectious conjunctivitis, to simultaneous measles and polio vaccinations and to simultaneous polio and diphtheria-tetanus vaccinations. In peripheral blood of vaccinated children we examined leukocyte counts (monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes), percentages of lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3+, CD20+, CD4+, CD8+, CD25+, HLADR+), concentrations of cytokines (IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, IFN- amma и IL-10), DNA-synthetic activity of lymphocytes and titres of antibodies against measles and diphtheria toxin. We observed no local or systemic reactions to the vaccines in the UV-group while a moderate rise in body temperature occured in several children from unexposed group. In the blood of childeren from UV-group we found increases in CD25+ и HLADR+ cell percentages, IL- 1 beta and IL-10 concentrations, PWMinduced DNA synthesis in mononuclears, and no decreases in formation of antibodies against measles and diphreria. We concluded that suberythemal UV exposures of children modulated their further responses to imminisations perhaps through the activation of a T helper 2-like reactions which appear to bring no negative influence on anti-infectious defence. Vitamin D and other mediators are supposed to play a crucial role in UV-induced immunomodulation.

In order to assess the impact of pneumococcal vaccine on the incidence of ear infections in children in the first four years of life, the comparative analysis of monthly incidence of the disease in 18 months in previously vaccinated children, and for the first six months after the catch-up immunization of 7- (PCV7) or 23 – valent (PPV23) pneumococcal vaccine . Traced threefold reduction in the incidence of hospitalization 114 children being raised in orphanages for acute otitis after a single use of pneumococcal vaccine. Early immunization of 101 children against pneumococcus contributes monthly prevent 1 case of hospitalization for acute otitis media.

With a goal of the early detection of subclinical cognitive impairment and damage of the central nervous system in the early stages HIV infection the complex neurophysiological study (electroencephalogram, cognitive evoked potentials of auditory and visual modalities, complex sensory-motor reactions, visual evoked potentials) in 20 patients with HIV infection was performed. Electrophysiological signs of subclinical cognitive impairment and non-specific subclinical involvement of central nervous system were found. Application of the complex electrophysiological study by evaluating the function of widespread neuronal networks has allowed to increasing the sensitivity of early diagnosis of subclinical cognitive impairment in HIV-infected patients in 90% of cases.

The present review is based on the long term researches done at the Department of Molecular Microbiology, Research Institute of Experimental Medicine and devoted to molecular identification and characterization of pathogenic streptococci, mainly Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae. In it the basic approaches and technologies the evaluation of microbiological aspects of wide-spread streptococcal infection epidemiology were described and considered. The special attention was given to the genetic heterogeneity of causative strains at the gene and genomic levels and to their genotyping. Also, the essential role of mobile genetic elements (temperate phages, plasmids, transposons, pathogenic islands and insertion sequences) in differentiation of streptococci and analysis of their pathogenic properties were determined. Interrelation between enotypes of species and their pathogenic potentiality was traced. Some proposals were developed to improve an official registration of streptococcal diseases and their complications as well as diagnostic abilities for them.

The conditions and the results of predicting epidemics of influenza in 1971-1985 years using a mathematical model of L.A. Rvachev and automated system developed at the Department of Epidemiology and General Cybernetics Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the USSR (head Yu. G. Ivannikov). It is shown that a forecast of daily epidemic influenza morbidity population of 100 cities in the country with a lead of up to 3 months was quite accurate both in terms of morbidity, and in time the peak of the epidemic. The causes of the difficulties in
predicting influenza epidemics in the end of 80s and 90s years, and gives recommendations for the resumption of the mathematical prediction of influenza epidemics in Russia at present.