In the present paper summarizes the results of recent epidemiological, clinical, virological research aimed at studying the infection caused by the Ebola virus. Particular attention is paid to organizational measures to prevent the disease. Described principles of medical care to patients with Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Detailed part of the Medical Service of the Russian Federation Ministry of Defense in the establishment and organization of the martial infectious hospital with 100 beds in the Republic of Guinea. 

The article discusses current approaches for prevention of hepatitis B vertical transmission. Guidelines for management of pregnancy in women with chronic hepatitis B, are presented, as well as modern approaches to the choice of delivery methods and the using of antiviral drugs during pregnancy to reduce the risk of vertical transmission. The results of clinical trials and meta-analyses of neonates active-passive immunization applying are discussed. 

In our review we present data on sleep disturbances in neuroinfections (encephalitis and meningitis), their clinical signs, neurochemistry and neurophysiology. These signs include lethargy, narcolepsy, sleep apnoe, sleep structure disruptions and may appear in acute period and as a sequelae of the disease. Reticular formation involvement seems to be the main reason for such sleep disorders. GABA and orexin systems disruption may play the key role in them. Neurophysiology evaluation of such disorders includes polysomnography, EEG-monitoring, brainstem acoustic evoked potentials and H-reflex investigation. 

This review focuses on the problem of rotavirus infection in children, its distribution in different countries of the world and relevance. Presents modern methods of laboratory diagnostics and their use in different studies, depending on their goals. Evaluate the role of vaccination, the review of the effectiveness and safety of vaccination in different countries and the preconditions for vaccination on the territory of the Russian Federation. 

Clinical and epidemiological research on the evolution of measles in children in Leningrad – St. Petersburg from 1927–2014 with an analysis of the effectiveness of treatment of this infection. Divided into three periods of fighting «child plague». First period – to use in the practice of specific therapies and antibacterial drugs, characterized by high morbidity, severe weight, high rates of mortality. In the second period the use of donor serum syvotrotki convalescents and sulfa drugs significantly lowered the mortality rate due to the effective treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia. The use of penicillin and broad-spectrum antibiotics led to a further reduction in the severity of measles, a sharp decline in mortality – to tenths and hundredths of a percent. The third period is due to the mass of active immunization against measles, characterized by a significant decline in incidence rates up to her absence in some years. 

Combined therapy of children with measles in modern conditions with the inclusion etiotropic drugs (Viferon) causes rapid regression of the symptoms of measles, warns layering respiratory viral infection contributes to the smooth course of the disease. 

Analysis of the literature demonstratesimportant role played of infections in causes of miscarriage. The paper is based upon retrospective analysis of 12371 screening results of histological and selective immunohistochemical studies of placentas in 2009-12. Preterm births were in 706 cases (5.71%). Infection of the placenta was noted in early preterm labor in all cases (100%), and in premature labor at 28-36 weeks of gestation – in 97.35% of natural delivery cases and in 92.09% when cesarean delivery. Are described the typical structural changes that allow to suspect infections caused by Treponema pallidum, herpes viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, parvovirus with following verification by immunohistochemical study. 

The objective: To develop a method for predicting exacerbation of chronic illness in children with asthma and cystic fibrosis, patients with influenza, based on the study of the dynamics of cytokines. 

Materials and methods: Were examined 52 patients with bronchial asthma and 45 children with cystic fibrosis at the age from 1 year to 12 years, located in infectious pulmonary Department at the planned treatment of underlying pathology, in which influenza was in-hospital infection. Control group observations included 40 patients with the flu, without concomitant pulmonary disease. 

The etiology of viral infection was established by detection of viral RNA in nasopharyngeal swabs by PCR. Among the influenza viruses were identified influenza АH1N1, АH3N2, influenza B, and in 2009–2010 the predominant antigen was the pandemic influenza virus АH1N1pdm09. 

Determination of the concentration of serum interleukins IL-1β, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, ТNF-α, IFN-γ was performed in the 1st and 3rd day of hospitalization cytokines by the solid-phase immune-enzyme assay. Analysis of the results performed using statistical package SPSS 17.0 EN for Windows. 

Results: The flu caused the aggravation associated bronchopulmonary pathology in 2/3 of children, as MV patients, and patients with BA (65,4%-66,7%, respectively). With an increase of the ratio of IL-4 / IFN-γ and IL-10/IFN-γ, at least 5-6 times, influenza can be considered a trigger of exacerbation of chronic bronchopulmonary pathologies that require amplification of the therapy of bronchial asthma and of сystic fibrosis. The growth of prognostic coefficients in 2-3 times allows using for treatment of influenza in these patients only antiviral agents. 

Conclusion: The study has shown a method for predicting exacerbation of bronchial asthma and cystic fibrosis in children at an early stage of influenza by calculating the ratio of IL-4/IFN-γ and IL-10/IFN-γ in children aged from 1 year to 12 years. 

The paper presents the results of an open randomized comparative study of the clinical, immunological and virological efficacy of regimens of HAART, including lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/RTV – “Kaletra”, Abbvie) pregnant women (n= 104) women and women of reproductive age (n=50) c HIV infection. The incidence of adverse events requiring change therapeutic scheme with the inclusion of LPV/RTV did not exceed 2% in both study groups and did not differ statistically. Despite the fact that in the comparison group women significantly differed more advanced stage of the disease, more severe immunosuppression and high activity of viral replication, HAART using LPV/RTV in this group after four weeks of its implementation was significantly better than in the group of women who received the same therapy on a background of pregnancy. Pharmacokinetics of antiviral drugs during pregnancy may require dose increase in order to achieve more rapid virological response and reduce the risk of vertical transmission of HIV from mother to child. 

The paper presents the analysis of clinical and laboratory symptoms in 35 adult patients with denger fever, Novosibirsk residents, which travelled in endemic countries, mostly Tailand. The classic form of the disease was determined in all cases. The moderate form was in 71,5% patients, the severe form was in the rest ones. The diagnosis of dengue was verified by detection of specific immunoglobulin M and in some cases immunoglobulin G and also virus dengue NS1 antigen by immunochromatography. The dominant clinical symptoms in observed patients were fever for 3–8 days (100%), mostly high one (71,4%), asthenia (97,1%), anorexia (100%), myalgia or/and arthralgia (77,1%), exantema (60%), hepatomegaly (62,8%). The gematologic indicators were represented with thrombocytopenia in 91,4% patients (from 167 to 20×109/l) и leucopenia in 85,7% patients (from 3,9 to 1,1×109/l). The cytolitic syndrom was revealed in 80% patients with predominance of aspartate aminotransferase activity in early period of the disease. 

The reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus on the background of some basic disease revealed during the development of encephalitis of various etiology could act as a co-factor to trigger the process of demyelinazation of central nervous system tissues. 

Purpose: to clarify the role of persistent Epstein-Barr virus infection in children with the diagnosis of viral encephalitis. Materials and methods: there was performed the study of biological material (blood serum) of 29 children aged from 1 to 14 years old with the diagnosis of viral encephalitis during the period of 2012–2013. The algorithm of the study included serological methods on the basis of the enzymelinked immunosorbent assay manufactured by Joint-Stock Company «Vector-Best» (Novosibirsk) on the open-type apparatus «Lasurit» of «Dynex Technologies Inc.» company (USA) and blot-technologies with the use of Western-blotting manufactured by Euroimmun AG, Germany on the apparatus «AUTOBLOTT 3000» of «MedTec, Inc.» company (USA). 

Results: It was determined that during the testing of the late phase Epstein-Barr antibodies (IgG-NA and IgG-VCA) with the indicators of high avidity index, the blot-technology use also revealed IgG class antibodies to the early phase antigenes of this virus (EA-R, and EA-D), synthesized within the period of not longer than three weeks beginning from the disease onset. This allowed to assume the development of an active phase of chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection in the observed patients. The antibodies to an early antigen were noticed particularly often in the case of encephalitis caused by varicella zoster virus that composed 62,5% of total number of cases with the development of encephalitis of given etiology. 

Conclusion: in the case of associated infections by those viruses among which there are etiologically significant ones for encephalitis development, Epstein-Barr virus, the infection by which occurred earlier, can be activated and influence the development of the pathologies connected with demyelinazation of central nervous system tissue. 

Necessary condition of prevention of development of infectious complications in wounded and victims with severe injuries is the knowledge of the medical and tactical concept of traumatic illness. Carrying out epidemiological surveillance in specialized surgical hospitals consist not only in obtaining the objective information about epidemic situation, epidemiological and clinical manifestations of infectious complications, but also in prospective supervision over the patients entering into group of high risk of emergence and development of the infections connected with delivery of health care. In this regard it is important to reveal epidemiological features and patterns of manifestations of the infections connected with delivery of health care to define tendencies of epidemic process, and also to predict influence of risk factors on development of infectious complications in the victims who are on treatment in specialized surgical hospital. 

The aim of the study was to study the dynamics of the incidence of salmonellosis children in St. Petersburg and phenotypic resistance of clinical isolates of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium to antibiotics in recent years. 

Materials and methods. The incidence of salmonellosis children studied according to the report for the first nine months of Rospotrebnadzor in 2013–2014. Incidence of salmonellosis in the structure of bacterial intestinal infections caused by pathogens in children hospitalized in the Department of intestinal infections in 2013–2014, studied according to annual reports. 

Antibiotic sensitivity was studied 86 Salmonella isolates (S. Enteritidis strain 64 and strain 22 S. Typhimurium), isolated from patients in children 2010–2014. Used the method of serial microdilution broth. Salmonella isolates were divided into sensitive, resistant, intermediate sensitivity to antibiotics. 

The Results. Analysis of the incidence of salmonellosis children of St. Petersburg has revealed its decline in 2014 (109.2) compared to 2013 (123,9) but relatively long-term average level was an increase in incidence (107,6). In the structure of salmonellosis in children prevailed salmonellosis Group D. In hospitalized children in the structure of bacterial intestinal infections detected Excess of share of salmonellosis in 2014 (36,9±3,4%) compared to 2013 (24,5±2,4%; p <0,01). A reduction in the frequency sensitivity of S. Enteritidis to ampicillin, cefepime, ceftazidime and chloramphenicol. Compared to S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium isolates were more resistant to ceftazidime and ampicillin, but more sensitive to ciprofloxacin. 

Conclusion. Morbidity of salmonellosis in recent years characterized by a relatively long-term average increase of the level. In the structure of salmonellosis in children prevailed salmonellosis Group D. There was a reduction of sensitivity S. Enteritidis isolates to cephalosporins new generations, and S. Typhimurium isolates to cephalosporins new generations, ampicillin, chloramphenicol.

The national healthcare system guarantees the availability and quality of medical care for all citizens. In medical organization of St Petersburg was successfully implemented since 2007 a uniformed system to estimate the medical services. The aim of this system is to manage the quality of medical services in hospitals, and its cost is proportional. However the system is not used now in specific medical organization (example: tuberculosis treatment). The medical organizations which provide treatment to TB disease usually use epidemiological estimation method but this methodology is not proper for hospitals which serve highdensity populations areas. In this article is described the first experience in implementing the uniformed system to estimate the medical services in TB hospital and to identify the typical doctor’s mistakes. The study provides the assessment of 117 cases. On this article’s basis were then discussed the decisions to prevent other similar mistakes 

Genotype 1 HCV treatment in Russia assume as bitherapy (pegylated interferon – PG plus ribavirin – RBV) as three therapy based on HCV protease inhibitor such as telaprevir (TLV), boceprevir (BCV) or simeprevir (SMV) plus PG/RBV. 

Medical technologies characterize neither clinical effectiveness, safety profile nor cost-effectiveness so it’s crucial to assess different costs related antiviral regimens. 

Three therapy costs for naïve patients including TLV, BCV, SMV are higher bitherapy 2,6; 2,5; 3,1 times accordingly. Similar TLV and BCV effectiveness for naïve patients defines TLV or BCV as the preferable 1-st line regimen, depending on regional features of pricing. 

SMV and TLV efficacy is similar among naïve patients and ralapsers but SMV is affordable for partially responders and non-responders after previous bitherapy. SMV cost is 1,4 times higher vs TLV but SMV has improved tolerability, less drug-drug interactions and shorter course. 

Insufficient bitherapy effectiveness for G1 HCV (SVR 24 – 39%-55%) is required repeated course of three therapy for half of patient population. The first line regimen based on innovation will improve clinical outcomes for more patients and provide cost saving vs previous bitherapy based on PG/RBV.