The review deals with the epidemic situation for poliomyelitis in the world. It describes the strategy and tactics of the World Health Organisation aimed at realisation of Global Polio Eradication Initiative and the main phases of the Initiative. The review shows the dynamics of poliomyelitis incidence over the years in the world and in different WHO regions. The events connected with the importation of wild poliovirus of type 1 to the countries of the WHO European region (Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Russian Federation) which had been previously certified as polio free countries are treated in detail. The review also includes the data concerning the outbreaks of acute flaccid paralysis provoked by the circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses in certain countries. These events cause serious problems on the way of Global Polio eradication.

The review presents recent data on cryoglobulinemiaassociated with a hepatitis C virus: prevalence, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnostics, approaches to therapy.

The functional studies underline the importance of maintaining structural integrity of the innate immune components of intracellular signaling. The molecular structures for a number of proteins and protein domains in immune signaling have been determined. These structures have assisted us in understanding innate immunity at the molecular level. A polymorphisms modulating innate immunity signal transduction has recently been shown to influence human susceptibility to many different infections, providing one more indication of the potential of host genetics to reveal physiological pathways and mechanisms that influence resistance 
to infectious diseases. This lection describes recently determined structures involved in TLR signaling.

The revue includes the contemporary information about the role of resident cells of the CNS (astrocytes, microglia) in development of innate immune response against pathogen (or its products) invasion in the brain. The detection of invading pathogens by pattern-recognition (Toll-like) receptors of neuroglia is described. Also is described the production by these cells of inflammatory mediators, including proinflammatory cytokines, as well as inflammation downregulating factors that protect the CNS from alteration and degeneration.

Morphological displays of cerebral microcirculation derangements in a brain cortex with their semiquantitative estimation have been studied in experimental mice model of the first 24-72 hours period of pneumococcal meningitis.Also displays oxidative stress and activity antioxidative protectional system by means of definition of markers of these processes – malondialdehide, reduced glutathione and glucose-
6-phosphate-dehydrogenase activity have been investigated. The received results testify to morphological signs of the expressed derangements of cerebral microcirculation in a brain cortex already by first 24 hour of an experimental meningitis. The maximum expressiveness oxidative stress and activity antioxidative protectional system of reduced glutathione with the max activity of glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase in a mice brain cortex was noted at first 48
hour durations of experimental disease. Signs of irreversible changes of mice cortex neurons are not revealed at 24–72-hour duration of experimental pneumococcal meningitis.

In 1996–2009, the incidence of syphilis in the North-West region of Russia has declined and changed its structure. The frequency of neurolues and latent forms increased, especially of late and unspecified latent syphilis. Differences in the structure of syphilis between the Leningrad 
region and St. Petersburg have been identified, which consisted in the reduction of primary syphilis and an increase in early latent syphilis in comparison with the city.

65 patients with a diagnosis of erysipelas. Examination of the patients included an analysis of lipid peroxidation products (common polyene, diene conjugates, and conjugate ketodieny trieny, Schiff bases), antioxidant defense system (enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase) 
and nitric oxide metabolites (nitrates and nitrites). It was established that imbalance between excess activated lipid peroxidation and inadequate functioning of antioxidant defense system was remained during the entire period of the disease. The relationships between nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation were established. It was proved the advisability of developing and introducing new, improved schemes of pathogenetic therapy of erysipelas.

A new educational program for patients suffered from hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome was worked out and applied into practice for the first time. It was revealed that patient teaching increased patient compliance
and improved rehabilitation results for sure. Asthenia symptoms, arterial hypertension and inflammatory processes in uringenital system were recorded more rarely with such patients for certain. The efficiency of this educational program in combined rehabilitation after cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome proves its advisability of wide application in medical and preventive treatment institutions.

The analysis of epidemiological situation with opisthorchosis in Ukraine and North-Easten region was conducted. The clinical course of disease in endemic centre was researched. Peculiarity is a high percentage of latent form. The clinic and laboratory signs of disease were formed.

Research is devoted complex studying of lipid peroxidation processes and antioxidative systems at 96 sick by genital herpes at the age from 16 till 45 years. The analysis of the received results testifies to deep infringements in system peroxidations of lipids that prove to be true authentic increase in its products, in particular malonic dialdehyde. Intensity of lipid peroxidation processes depends on the period of disease and severity level of infectious process. It is important to notice that the intensification of lipid peroxidation processes at patient’s genital herpes is accompanied by essential oppression of the general antioxidant activity of blood, a catalase and superoxide dismutase and increase the squirrel of plasma of blood ceruloplasmin. Changes of the given indicators testify to failure oxidative and antioxidative systems during the different periods of illness. Activity increase of lipid peroxidation processes in an organism sick herpes virus and infection, possibly, is one of pathogenetic links of development of disease and demands modifying therapy.

The author studied the cytokine status in patients with chronic combined hepatitis B+C in a process of antiviral therapy. The examination embraced 49 patients aged from 18 to 47 years (pegylated interferon- alfa2а and ribavirin were used in 24 patients). It is established, that a significant increase of the interferon-α, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α (with following decrease of tumor necrosis factor-α) in blood serum content in patients with a stable virusologic response serves as an early criterion of the antiviral therapy effectiveness.

The aim of this research is the study of the dynamics of the content of leukocytes and neutrophils in the blood of patients with chronic hepatitis C combination therapy against standard or pegylated interferon combined with ribavirin. Before treatment, as well as at different stages of combination antiviral therapy were studied absolute numbers of leukocytes and blood neutrophils in patients with CHC. In addition, studied the relationship between the dynamics of the content of white blood cells and blood neutrophils and the initial clinical and laboratory parameters (gender, age, body mass index (BMI), the genotype of the virus, the level of viremia, initial level of leukocytes and neutrophils, ALT, histological activity index, the degree of fibrosis) and option of combination therapy. Showing that the reduction of leukocytes and neutrophils have been observed from the second week of treatment, regardless of the option of combination therapy. Application PIFN-α-2а caused significantly more pronounced leukopenia and neutropenia compared with a simple treatment of IFN-α-2а. Furthermore, the development of neutropenia associated with the achievement of sustained virological response in both antiviral schemes therapy. Also we onsider prognostic criteria, indicating the possible development of 
severe leuco-and neutropenia during treatment: age older than 45 years, the high initial activity of replicative virus (>800 000 IU / ml).

Currently, there is a clear divergence between theoretical expectations of doctors about the treatment of acute intestinal infections with practical action in treating the most severe patients admitted to hospitals. Representation of physicians and their real actions in many ways at odds with the official World Health Organization recommendations for therapy in this group of patients. For Russia, still characterized by the dominance of causal treatment of the pathogenesis. There is a high frequency of combined causal treatment, not all patients receive oral Hydration solutions, and infusion therapy is conducted in most cases more than 3 days with the introduction of unsustainable volumes of solutions. Detailed analysis of the actual practice of treating patients with acute intestinal infections showed that the current therapy is far from the principles of rationality and not always consistent with the principle of empiricity.