About diagnostic valueof fever, in in fectious patients physicians knew from the time of Hippocrates. Significant contribution to thestudy madeby S. Libermeister, SP Botkin, AA Ostroumov, IP Pavlov, II Metchnikoff andothers. Themain centerof thermoregulation is the hypothalamus. The reare three sources of temperature reception – ther more ceptors of the skin, ther mose nsitive of inter oreceptor sand specific thermosensitiveneuronsof theCNS (neuronsnucleusanterior, middle and posteriorhy pothalamus). Ther more ceptors of the skin andthermal of interoceptorsarechannelswith transient receptorpotential (temperature-sensitivetransient receptorpotential (TRP) channels) of thefreenerveendings, such asthevagusnerve.
Current experimental studiesshow that thereareseveral waysto initiatefever. Themain classical pathway of feverisassociated with increasedprostaglandin synthesisby theaction of endogenouspyrogens. Endogenouspyrogensincludea numberof cytokines: interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumornecrosisfactoralpha (TNF-α); interferon (IFN). Themain secondary pyrogen isconsideredto beIL-1β. Synthesisof IL-1β stimulatedstructuresPAMPs(pathogen-associatedmolecularpatterns)
andDAMRs(danger-associatedmolecularpatterns), dependson theactivation of caspase–1 with inflammasom. Thestateof thermoregulation andisnow estimatedthermometry. Thefounderof
theclinical thermometerisa German physician C. Wunderlich. Abroad,
the«goldstandard» isa measurement of rectal body temperature, asthemost stableandreliable. In ourcountry, in practice, usually measuredaxillary body temperature. Accordingto thetypesof feverandtemperaturecurvesinfectiousdiseasescan predefinenosological formof infectiousdisease. Amonginfectiousdiseasesaremost common, andsometimesalmost pathognomonic (malaria), fora given nosological formof thereaction temperature.

The prevalence of atherosclerosis and associated diseases and complications creates preconditions to study them in the framework of the common pathological process. This review presents the modern data on the role of Chlamydophila pneumoniae infections, as well as data about the influence of the factors of systemic and local inflammation
at the infection to the development of atherosclerosis.

We present comparative analysis of clinical – morphological data from infants with congenital cytomegalovirus and hepatitis C infection. 97 patients with hepatitis underwent a standard set of clinical and laboratory tests. ELISA and PCR were used to verify infectious agents. Informed consent to perform a liver biopsy was obtained from the parents of 28 children. immunohistochemical test of the liver samples managed to identify markers of cytomegalovirus (protein pp65 and p52) and hepatitis C (helicase NS3). The hepatitis C virus was detected in 41 patients: 3a genotype – 68.3%, 1b –31.7% respectively. Congenital hepatitis C onset presents itself as mild and atypical and causes chronic hepatitis with the 1st degree fibrosis. Cytomegalovirus replication markers were found in 56 children. The most common manifestations of hepatitis associated with cytomegalovirus infection are prolonged jaundice, cholestasis, gepatolienalny syndrome, early onset of the disease with increased transaminase levels and dominance in AST. Structural changes of the liver are characterized by the presence of inflammatory infiltration, cholestasis with duktulopenia, lobular structure damage. Congenital cytomegalovirus-related hepatitis is likely to result in liver cirrhosis and is associated with poor prognosis.

155 children and adolescents who had been diagnosed oncohematological diseases and had undergone allogeneic hemapoetic stem cell transplantation were examined. In post-transplant period 80% of patients developed different bacterial complications. Main risk factors of bacterial infections were acute leukemia (73%), acute «graft versus host disease» (61%), severe infectious complications before HSCT (30%), cytomegaloviral reactivation (51%). Main causative agents were Kl. pneumoniae (15%), Escherichia coli (8%), Enterobacter sp. (7%), Pseudomonas sp. (6,5%), Enterococcus sp. (16,5%), S.еpidermidis (13,5%). Most frequent involved sites are urinary tract (30,6%), lungs (22,5%) and bacteriemia (38,7%). Rise in ciprofloxacin resistans among Entorobactri, aerobic and Gram-positive cocci. General survival rate of patients with bacterial complications was 36,3% (p<0,001). Number of infectious episodes and their severity were statistically significant (both p<0,001) deteriorating factor for general surviral rate.

Detection of clinico-epidemiological features of the mixed tick-borne infections – tick-borne Lyme disease and a human granulocytic anaplasmosis was the purpose of the conducted research. During the spring – summer period 146 patients with tick-borne borreliosis were surveyed. As a result at 45 (30,82%) patients authentically diagnosed the mixed tick-borne infection. Features of clinical manifestations of a mixed tick-borne infection revealed: catarrhal phenomena (20%), liver defeats (33%), nephros (31, 7%), frequent secondary erythems (20%). Changes in haemogram defined: thrombocytopenia (42,2%), anemia (20%), leukopenia (13,3%).

102 pair «HIV infected pregnant women with cytomegalovirus infection – HIV negative child» were examined. Cytomegalovirus vertical transmission were realized in 20% women. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in 90% children were proceed in clinical demonstrative form with severe multiorgan pathology formation. Multifactorial logistic regression model use demonstrate, that independent predictors of cytomegalovirus vertical transmission were T helper count less than 0,5×109/l, stage of secondary diseases and threat of pregnancy interruption. Forecasting of risk cytomegalovirus vertical transmission sensitivity and specificity in the presence of at the same time all three predictors were 90%.

A comparative investigation has been applied to 100 HIV infected patients with CD4 lymphocytes rate <350 cells/microliter, demanding HAART prescription, divided into two groups: 1 – without clinical features of CNS damage (54 people) and 2 – with features of CNS damage of various etiology (46 people). HIV viral load (VL) indices in blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been examined. 45,7% of damages are caused with mixed infections. CSF HIV VL level with the 2 group patients is 7,6 times as high as that of 1 group patients. HIV VL in plasma is considerably higher than in CSF. Eight patients showed increased CSF HIV VL. Brain damages of various etiology with clinical implications violate hematoencephalic barrier integrity, contribute to HIV accumulation in CSF and intensify virus replication in brain tissue. It has been concluded that CSF examination for HIV is expedient.

To study the characteristics of laboratory tests of infants born to HIV-positive women and left without parental care in the dynamics analyzed blood samples using methods of immunological and serological diagnosis of HIV infection, the qualitative and quantitative determination of HIV, as well as clinical blood analysis and screening for prenatal infection. There are informative PCR diagnostics of perinatal HIV infection in the first months of life, ELISA and western blot from the age of 9 months. Identified difference performance of a specific red blood cell and leukocyte parts of blood of hemogram in infants with perinatal HIV infection compared with those in not infected infants. Improvement in laboratory parameters is the result of appointment of HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy).

In patients with chronic hepatitis C study the content of different populations of cytotoxic lymphocytes by flow cytometry. There was a significant decrease in functional capacity of NK -cells in determining the expression of CD 107 a picture of the regular numerical index NK -and NK T-cells independently of molecular-biological characteristics of viral infection.

The effect of prebiotic Stimbifid and low-molecular exometabolites in the supernatant fluid of native cultures of prebiotic bifidobacteria and lactobacilli possessing prebiotic effect on the prevention of intestinal yersiniosis in the conventional white mice was investigated. Experimental animals were infected orally with intestinal yersiniosis pathogen Yersinia enterocolitica, isolated from patient with manifested form of infection. Prebiotic Stimbifid, supernatant fluids of native cultures of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacteria, which form the basis of probiotics Bifidumbacterin and Lactobacterin, when administered orally to infected animals completely stopped the development of intestinal yersiniosis and prevented the dysbiotic changes in the intestinal microflora.

Algeron (cepeginterferon alfa-2b) is a new pegylated form of interferon alfa containing linear polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 20 kDa). Pharmacokinetic profile of Algeron allows once weekly administration. In phase II–III study 150 treatment-naive patients with compensated liver function were randomized into 3 groups: Algeron 1,5 μg/kg/week, Algeron 2,0 μg/kg/week, and a reference group of PegIntron 1.5 μg/kg/week in combination with ribavirin 800– 1400 mg/day. Comparative ITT -analysis of early virologic response (EVR) showed absence of differences between groups in frequency of EVR. In Algeron groups (regardless of a dose – 1,5 or 2,0 μg/kg) EVR was observed in 94%, in PegIntron group – – in 88% of patients. Complete EVR (HCV RNA≤15 I I U/mL) was recorded in 88% and 84% of patients receiving Algeron 1,5 and 2,0 μg/kg, respectively, in the reference group – – in 84% of patients. There were no statistically significant differences between groups where patients received Algeron in different doses and the reference group, with or without genotype stratification. Adverse events occurring during the treatment with Algeron are dose-dependent; however, their frequency is no more than in patients receiving standard doses of PegIntron. Based on the absence of differences in efficacy and more favorable safety profile of a lower dose of the study drug, the therapeutic dose of Algeron was selected to be 1,5 μg/kg/week.

The comparative test of epidemiological, clinical, morphological and immunomorphological peculiarities of chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis, caused by viruses hepatitis B and C, has been made. Social, epidemiological and clinical peculiarities of chronic HCV-infection, which contribute this infection to spread, have been revealed. The specific features of injury and regeneration of liver at different stages of natural course of chronic HBC- and HCV – infections, conditioned by different pathogenesis and underlying in basis of clinical and morphological presentations, have been explored. Various injury levels of hepatocytes at different stages of natural course of chronic HBV- and HCV- infections are conditioned by the peculiarities of the local cell immune reaction. The varied regenerative potential of hepatocytes at different stages of natural course of HBV- and HCV- infections might be high and ensuring the preservation of the liver function while the injury of hepatocytes retains on the stage of chronic hepatitis, and it might be low, resulting in the liver insufficiency progress on the stage of decompensate cirrhosis of liver.

Authors present clinical and epidemiological characterization of the 108 patients with pneumococcal meningitis of the age from 6 months to 14 years old. The data analysis showed that pneumococcal meningitis is characterized with severity and complications. It was also observed that the role of S. pneumoniae in etiology of the acute bacterial meningitis has increased for the children in the last years. The use of rapid immunochromatographic test along with cultural methods increases the detection of the etiology of bacterial meningitis in children.

In the past decade the proportion of mixed infections has increased. The clinical aspects of mixed infections can be atypical, and the course of the disease depends on the type of pathogen-associants, their biological properties, relationships with each other and with the host. A clinical case, showing the possibility of mixed associations of Yersinia ana Listeria infections, caused the meningoencephalitis, is given. It is described the experience of the authors on neuroinfection diseases, according to which, a parallel study of blood and cerebrospinal fluid in molecular-genetic, serological as well as immunohistochemical diagnostic methods is required for the detection of mixed infection or co-infection in order to clarify the etiology of the disease.