Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of morbidity in infants, young children, and the elderly worldwide. Presently, there are no explicit recommendations for RSV treatment apart from supportive care. Recent progress in studies of the mechanism of RNA interference suggests the formation of a new class of antiviral drugs in the treatment of RSV infection and related respiratory diseases.

Review deals with HIV infection in pregnant women and mechanisms of vertical transmission of virus from mother to fetus. The role of placenta as defensive barrier is evaluated, as well as pathological changes in villous chorion, which can lead to disturbance of its function.

Analyzed 74 case histories of children under one year with rotavirus infection. The most commonly detected rotavirus gastroenteritis in the form of mono-and combined forms. Mono-infection in 78.3% of cases occurred in the moderate form with a leading syndrome in the form of gastroenteritis, severe dehydration proceeded with symptoms of varying severity. Mixed variants in 98.7% of cases are in the unfavorable premorbid background, in 42.8% of children were registered in the severe forms, and children younger than 6 months were erased within. The diagnosis of intestinal infection was confirmed by PCR, bacteriological and immunological methods.

The results of the experimental studies of the lymphocytotoxic effect of homoprobiotic bidfidobacteria and lactobacilli autostrains on lymphocytes of guinea pigs are presented. Autostrains of homoprobiotic bifidobacteria and lactobacilli isolated from the feces of guinea pigs were used in the experiments. Isolation of the fraction of lymphocytes from the blood of guinea pigs for lymphocytotoxic test was carried out according to the sanitary rules SP 3.3.2.561-96. Intensity of damage in lymphocytes was assessed by counting the points and the cytotoxic index. The experimental results indicate that under the influence of large doses of homoprobiotic bifidobacteria and lactobacilli autostrains cytolysis occurs of only a small number of lymphocytes, and thus, the reaction of lymphocytes with autostrains of homoprobiotic bifidobacteria and lactobacilli is within the physiological range.

In 125 patients with liver cirrhosis of different etiologies, classes A, B and C according to the Child-Pugh, with minimal hepatic encephalopathy and overt encephalopathy to II grade according to the West Haven criteria, we studied the efficacy of treatment of hepatic encephalopathy drugs of different pharmacological groups. The highest efficiency was found in the treatment with Stimol, treatment with probiotics and treatment included the combination of probiotics with metronidazole. Treatment with these drugs showed improvement in clinical status and in psychometric (cognitive) performance, as well as positive changes in clinical and biochemical parameters of blood. Also, this treatment was associated with the improving the quality of life of patients.

New approaches to pathogenetic therapy of acute intestinal infections remains a priority for clinical practice. Seventy one patients 71 with acute intestinal infections were include in the study. Thirty three patients of the treatment group received Mukofalk. Patients from treatment group recorded stool normalization earlier than those in the control group (2,9±0,9 days and 4,1±1,2 days of treatment, respectively, p<0,05). Relief of abdominal pain was also observed in earlier periods: the treatment group up to 1,5±0,5 during stay in hospital, control group – 1,9±0,7 days (p <0,05). During the course of the disease (5-6 days of treatment), the median level of inerleukin-8 in patients of the treatment group was significantly lower than the control group's (8,1 (4,6; 18,1) pg/ml and 22,3 (12,35; 29,35) pg/ml, respectively, p<0,01). This data allows us to recommend the inclusion of Mukofalk in complex therapy of acute intestinal infections.

Blood markers of endothelial activation (sVCAM-1, vWF: Ag) in patients with chronic hepatitis C in the presence of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and its components had been evaluated. The study included 69 patients with chronic hepatitis C with oligosymptomatic the disease. In one third of cases of chronic hepatitis C (33.3%) showed improvement in the blood content of sVCAM-1 and / or vWF: Ag. In patients with chronic hepatitis C with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome significantly more often found signs adhesion of endothelial dysfunction (increased blood concentrations of sVCAM-1) than in patients without these disorders. Found that in patients with severe hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C blood concentration sVCAM-1 is significantly higher compared to patients with early stages of fibrosis (F0-F2), including those in patients without insulin resistance. These data suggest the multivariate development of endothelial dysfunction in chronic hepatitis C.

The aim of this investigation was to study effect of cytokines in complex therapy of flu and the sharp respiratory diseases complicated and uncomplicated. The use of Interferal was reduces duration of catarrhal syndrome, the use of Betaleukin reduces terms of the permission pneumonic infiltration in a lung. Drugs have an effect on the level of cytokines and interferon.

Invasive aspergillosis – is severe mycotic infection that often occurs in hematological patients and is characterized by high mortality. We examined the immunological parameters of hematological patients with invasive aspergillosis developed after cytostatic chemotherapy. Was founded, disruption of all parts of the immune respons: reduction in the absolute number of T-helper cells (CD4 +), natural killer cells (CD16 +), lowering of IFN-γ and IL-10 production, reduction in the number of B-lymphocytes and immunoglobulin levels of all classes, suppression killer ability of neutrophils are features of immune status in hematological patients with invasive aspergillosis receiving cytostatic chemotherapy.

The present article contains the results of observation for 8 generalized cryptococcosis patients with HIVinfection. The disease occurred in the presence of strongly marked immunodeficiency (the reduction of CD-4 lymphocytes less than 100 cells/mkl) in generalized form with the damage of central nervous system and without any clinical features of internal disturbances. The disease was characterized by severe progressing course of the infection which led to lethal outcome in 5 cases. Pathomorphological appearance was presented by multiple necrotic focuses with cryptococcus accumulation in brain, lungs, liver, lien, lymphatic nodes, intestines. Early complex diagnosis including obligatory mycological examination of liquor and other pathological material and timely added adequate antimycotic therapy are obligatory conditions for effective treatment of cryptococcosis. The clinical example of effective treatment of invasive cryptococcosis
presented.

The possibility was studied of preventing the development of pseudotuberculosis and correcting the dysbiotic disorders of the intestinal microflora in conventional white mice with prebiotic «Stimbifid» and exometabolites in supernatant fluids of native cultures of probiotic bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, which have prebiotic effect. Conventional white mice were infected orally with pseudotuberculosis microbe culture and the development of infection was evaluated. Prebiotic «Stimbifid» and supernatant fluid of lactobacilli native culture, administered to animals orally, as injected intramuscular gentamicin, completely stopped the infection development. In contrast to the antibiotic gentamicin prebiotic «Stimbifid» and supernatant fluid of lactobacilli native culture, administered orally, prevented the development of the intestinal dysbiosis in animals.

To assess the efficacy and safety of an experimental course of antiviral therapy with recombinant IL-1β in combination with recombinant interferon-α2b and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C infected with genotype 1 hepatitis C virus in lacking the virologic response to previous dual therapy pegIFN-α or standard IFN-α and ribavirin has been formed by a group of 50 patients. All patients were treated with recombinant IL-1β – 10 subcutaneous injection at a dose of 0.005 mg/kg every other day, the course of 3 weeks, with 5 courses, recombinant IFN-α2b – subcutaneous injections of 3 million IU every other day for 48 weeks. Ribavirin 1000–1200 mg per day (depending on body weight) for 48 weeks. The duration of follow-up after the end of therapy was 24 weeks. Estimated sustained virologic response (SVR). Comparison of SVR according to the version of virologic response in primary treatment showed that the use of the pilot treatment scheme is most effective at relapse (63%) than in the «null-responders» (33%) and partial (23%) responses to the preceding treatment. In the present study did not reveal a single case of serious adverse events or unexpected adverse events. Thus, the inclusion of proven safety of recombinant IL-1β in the scheme of antiviral therapy in combination with standard interferon-α and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C, and demonstrated the effectiveness of using recombinant IL-1β (in combination with standard interferon-α and ribavirin), especially in patients with recurrent HCV-infection.

In article presents modern system of medical care to servicemen with chronic viral hepatitis. Also presented comparative analysis of the specialized care for these patients up to 2010 (prior to deployment in the clinic of infectious diseases of the Military Medical Academy center for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis) and after. Shows that from 2007 to 2009. proportion of chronic viral hepatitis in the structure of all infectious diseases in the Armed Forces increased (in 2007 – 2.1%, in 2008 – 2.3%, in 2009 – 2.5%). Particularly significant increased incidence of contract servicemen. In 2007 – 5.2%, 2008 – 5.8% 2009 6 -%). Since 2010 there has been a strong tendency to reduce the incidence of chronic viral hepatitis in the structure of infectious diseases in general: 1.2% – in 2010, 0.8% – in 2011, and contract servicemen in particular: 4% – in 2010, 2.8% – in 2011, In addition, the article described in detail the steps and the amount of medical care for these patients.

Longitudinal co-evolution of human beings and pathogens resulted in polymorphism of Homo sapiens. CCR5Δ32 HIV-resistance allele is the exception to the rules. Recent origin of HIV-1 in Africa contradicted with the appearance of CCR5Δ32 allele in Northern Europe in previous ages.
The author proposed non-contradictory theory of primary appearance of ancient HIV-1 in the Northern Europe 5-7 thousand years ago. The primary epidemics of HIV-infection had been stopped by the appearance of CCR5Δ32 mutation among the affected population. Re-emergence of HIV-1 nowadays resulted by the penetration of hibernated HIV-1 into population of drug addicts and homosexual men.