In the review the current information on the laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated infection. Made a critical assessment of the effectiveness and specificity of the modern methods of diagnosis: methods of isolation and identification of Clostridium difficile cultures by studying the biochemical characteristics, the use of test kits – API 20A and Rapid Ana II-tests, determination of protein spectra by means of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Describes how to display toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile based on Dot-immunoblotting, PCR, and immunochromatography, as well as methods for determining the toxin Clostridium difficile in stool samples by determining the cytotoxic effect of toxins on tissue culture, latex agglutination test, ELISA and enzyme-linked fluorescent assay.

The Salmonellosis infection keeps the relevance to the present because of a wide circulation, development of heavy forms, emergence of a Bacillus carrying forms and other factors. Use of new technologies of molecular detection of virus and bacterial agents in excrements (RT-PCR and the immuno-enzyme analysis) allowed to improve detection of intestinal pathogen, and also to establish the fact of existence of the mixed forms of salmonellosis. So, at patients by salmonellosis it was succeeded to reveal a co-infесtion with the virus pathogens causing diarrhea diseases in 48,7% of cases. At patients with salmonellosis the detection of rotavirus for account of 28,7%, norovirus – 21,2% and adenovirus – 30,2%. Data of clinical and laboratory research are provided in work mono – salmonellosis form (one group of patients) and mixed form (co-infection with the rotavirus, norovirus and adenovirus) which is the second group, and the results of the comparative analysis in studied groups.

With the aim to assess the HIV/TB epidemic situation and its features in the different areas of the North-West Federal Region statistical data during the last five years (2008–2012) were analyzed. In the study we used information of HIV-infection, tuberculosis and their combination from the annual reporting forms. The study found that in the North-West Federal Region in the recent years the number of HIV/TB co-infected patients is increased steadily the majority of whom is revealed in the penitentiary system. Lethal outcomes in HIV/TB co-infected patients are higher than in HIV-seropositive subjects without TB. Also reporting data from several areas have not been valid enough and could lead to distorted assessment of the real epidemic situation. Thus obtained results can contribute to providing appropriate measures to stabilize the HIV, as well as the TB and HIV/TB epidemic situation, enhance TB prevention, expand TB finding methods and improve TB treatment approaches in HIV/TB co-infected patients in the North-West Region of Russia.

Since January 1997 till March 2009 492 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of influenza A virus and influenza B virus underwent work-up in Military Medical Academy. It is established that the clinical findings of influenza B virus are accurately different from the clinical findings of influenza A virus. Influenza B virus is characterized by more prolonged fever, lower incidence and duration of some respiratory syndromes and fewer sequelae. The influence of etiotropic drugs and early interferon inducers on influenza B virus course was studied. Neuraminidase inhibitors are the most effective antiviral therapy agent for influenza B virus. At the same time, there was a significant reduction in the duration of the common infectious intoxication syndrome and respiratory tract damage.

In the article the analysis data of observation and treatment recurrence hepatits C after liver transplantation. When performing operations on the background of the current active infection relapse is inevitable, and progression is fast. The effectiveness of antiviral therapy for immunosuppression is low. End-of-treatment response was achieved in 55,5%. Sustained virologic response was achieved in 42.9%. In one-third cases treatment was discontinuation because of adverse events.

The results of the study of the frequency of formation of chronic bacterial carriage showed that 16 (22,2%) from 72 patients was sown S.typhi in the bile analyses. It was the basis for establishing them such outcome of the disease as chronic bacteriocarrier. Comparative retrospective analysis of patients with typhoid fever with a different outcomes of the disease showed that patients with the outcome of bacteriocarrier had significantly more severe illness with relapse, more severe manifestations of the syndrome lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, and intoxication. Dynamics of hematological disorders reflects about ongoing inflammatory processes, the cause of which, apparently, is the persistent antigenemia and development of bacteriocarrier in the outcome of the disease.

Hematological studies are basic and mandatory in diagnostics and laboratory monitoring of infectious diseases, which led to their inclusion in the modern standards of laboratory examinations of children. Assessment of hematological parameters used for the provisional differential diagnosis of viral or bacterial nature of the disease. For research currently being used increasingly Hematology analyzers, which allows to facilitate and standardize the results. In this paper a comparison and differences hematological parameters practically healthy children and children with respiratory infections. Identified some changes in indicators of haemogram depending on the etiology and character of the clinical course of the disease. On the basis of the leukocyte formula defined leukocyte indices of intoxication and illustrates their importance in assessing the severity of the infection process.

The dynamics of the content of lactobacilli, microbial metabolites and antimicrobial activity of growing cultures of Lactobacillus plantarum 8Р-А3 was studied. Lactobacilli L. plantarum 8Р-А3 and test microorganisms isolated from the intestinal contents of patients with dysbacteriosis were used in experiments. Study of the component composition of growing culture supernatant of lactobacilli was carried out by gas liquid chromatography with mass selective detection. By 54 h of cultivation the content of viable microbial cells in the native culture of Lactobacillus achieves 3,0·109 in 1 mL without further increase during the cultivation. The principal component of lactobacilli culture medium possessing antibacterial activity is lactic acid. In addition to lactic acid, which accounts for 70% of the total metabolites, the culture medium and the supernatant contain salts of phosphoric acid (14%) as well as amino acids, carboxylic acids, fatty acids, sugars and polyhydric alcohol constituting of up to 16% of the total metabolites. It is found that during the cultivation in liquid medium lactobacilli produce metabolites which possess antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria that cause intestinal infections.

The records of total 123 patients with hepatitis E on treatment in the infectious diseases hospital in the city of Belgorod were reviewed. Diagnosis – «acute hepatitis E» was based on the generally accepted criteria: biochemical analysis, etiological interpretation (identification of antibodies to hepatitis E of the IgM and IgG, HEV RNA with the exception of the etiologic role of other hepatotropic viruses, including Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus). HEV RNA was determined by PCR, genotyping was performed by standard methods based on the results of sequencing. The study of clinical manifestations in patients with acute hepatitis E allowed to establish some specific features of hepatitis E: predominantly occurrence in adults at the age 30 years and more; frequent complaints of arthralgia in the prejaundice period, the lack of improvement after jaundice development; pronounced dyspeptic symptoms and long bilirubinemia combined with mild transaminase elevation, hepatomegaly with no concomitant increase in the spleen. The data on the fulminant forms of hepatitis E are presented. Herein we describe the case of fulminant course of infection with a fatal outcome. Analysis of cases of severe hepatitis E have revealed the following risk factors: heart disease, chronic biliary disease, obesity, diabetes mellitus, chronic alcohol intoxication. The analysis of specific clinical manifestations of this infection is needed to select the right strategy of patient following, to set integrated differential diagnostic approach in the management of patients with middle and old age with the presence of jaundice and patients with hepatitis of unknown etiology. The inclusion of hepatitis E markers to the diagnostic algorithm is necessary for such patients.

Intensive care of patients with infectious diseases, as part of the resuscitation, in our country took root in clinical practice on stages – from the treatment of very severe forms of some infections (nosological approach) to differentiated treatment depending on the clinical and pathogenic syndromes critical states (internosological approach). Based on the analysis of intensive therapy in 1387 patients with various infections identified the main syndromes of critical states: infectious and toxic encephalopathy, toxic shock, dehydration syndrome (shock), acute respiratory, hepatic and renal failure. Shows the frequency of their development or threat for the most common diseases. In modern conditions, improve the efficiency of treatment of patients with extremely severe forms of infectious diseases can be achieved by preventive measures – preventive intensive therapy in the presence of high-risk factors, urgent and emergency measures in the infectious disease department at the methodological and direct participation of resuscitation services, the introduction of high-tech methods and means of treatment.