This review present current immunological, microbiological and molecular genetic features of Lyme disease. The mechanisms of borrelia’s dissemination and adaptation in the macroorganism are describe. The role of B. burgdorferi s.l. in the development of autoimmune diseases and non-Hodgkin-lymfomas is describe.

The article describes the frequency of isolation of polioviruses and non polio enteroviruses from different categories of the investigated children. The percentage of detection of polioviruses from the patients with acute flaccid paralysis was lower than that from the children from groups at risk. Among the patients with the enterovirus infection the polioviruses were rarely revealed. The frequency of isolation of non polio enteroviruses from these patients was significantly higher than that from the other categories of investigated persons. The improvement of poliomyelitis surveillance and the reinforcement of virological surveillance of children from groups at risk and those with enterovirus infection will provide the important data for Global Polio Eradication Initiative and the maintenance of polio free status of the Russian Federation.

In this study specific features of the etiological structure of infectiouscomplications occurring early in treatment of heavily injured patients is established and the need is demonstrated for bacteriological examination of clinicalmaterials according to a developed algorithm on the second or third day after admission to hospital, which contributes to
timely isolation of etiological agents of infectiouscomplications, rational etiotropic antibacterial treatment and reduced mortality.

The representatives of genus Cryptosporidium were found in 17 of 99 (17, 2%) HIV patients in Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital named after S.P. Botkin. The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay identified two types of these agents Сriprtosporidium parvum in 11 (64,7%) and C. hominis in 6 (35,3%) patients. The level of CD4+ lymphocyte in the patients having cryptosporidiosis was significantly lower than in patients without cryptosporidiosis. In patients with cryptosporidiosis prolonged diarrhea were found at significantly higher rate. Also the patients with cryptosporidiosis demonstrated malnutrition and weight loss, but not at significantly higher rates. The present study is one of the first describe of cryptosporidiosis in Russia.

With the help of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 332 patients with acute feverish illness after a tick bite, treated at the Perm Regional Hospital of Infectious Diseases in the spring-summer period of 2010, the diagnostics of human granulocytic anaplasmosis was performed. By Omnix’s testsystems HGA-ELISA-IgM and HGA-ELISA-IgG 845 serum, as well as by «nested» PCR, using primers ge3a1-ge10r2 and ge9f3-ge2r4 for A. phagocytophilum genetic material amplification, 952 samples of dried blood spots were studied in the dynamics of the disease. The optimal period for the use of ELISA and PCR was determined. Anaplasmosis was confirmed by both methods in 79 patients (ELISA – in 68, PCR –in 25). In general, serodiagnosis, particularly ELISA, and PCR should be regarded not as alternative but as complementary to each other’s methods of laboratory diagnosis of anaplasmosis.

In article results of study of the incidence and the characteristics of the central nervous system impairment at the primary HIV-infection among adults are presented. In 2007–2010 to the infectious hospital were admitted 106 330 patients (HIV positive patient were excluded from these date). According to laboratory testing procedures primary HIV infection were detected among 513 (4.8%) patients. Different neurologic disorders have been diagnosed among 35 patients (6.8%). Among 16 patients with the impairment of the central nervous system the most frequent clinical variant was aseptic meningitis (14 cases). HIV infection 2Б stage was detected for 2 patients, 2В stage – 14 patients, or category А1 – 1 patients, А2 – 6 patients, А3 – 8 patients (1 case without detection of СD4 cells). Clinical and laboratory criteria of different forms of meningitis (subclinical, easy, moderate, and severe) are established. The majority of patients with signs of the central nervous system disorders had the various clinical symptoms characterizing an acute retroviral syndrome. Among 14 cases secondary diseases have been detected, including candidiasis (8 cases), 1 case for pneumocystic pneumonia, seborrheic dermatitis, pneumonia, a sinusitis, cryptococcal meningitis and neurosyphilis.

The screening of 3515 cord blood samples which had entered bank for public use for presence of markers of infectious agents was carried out. It was established that majority of cord blood units contain markers of cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasma (81%) that is not a contraindication for storage and subsequent use of these samples. In 4.6% of cases umbilical cord blood units were subjected to disposal because of identification of viral hepatitis B and C, as well as Tr. pallidum markers, moreover, the largest share of the discarded units contained antibodies to HbscorAg – 71,3%. Inclusion of analysis on the presence of Anti-HBcor in the required laboratory screening of mothers-donors CB was proposed in order to reduce the percentage of discarded umbilical cord blood units for the public inventory.

The data on the current vaccination process and specific antibody in 212 children with pathology of nervous systems in age from 1 year to 6 years old, vaccinated against measles. The comparison group consisted of 36 children without neurological disease. 86 children (40,6%) were vaccinated measles – mumps vaccine, and 126 children (59,4%) only measles vaccine. Post-vaccination period in 77,8% immunized against measles, was uneventful, layering intercurrent infections was noted in 22,2% of vaccine’s, and demonstrated the development of viral respiratory infections, bronchitis, otitis media and exacerbation of underlying disease. It is shown that the level of specific antibody to measles in children with pathology of nervous systems at 30 days after vaccination was 5,04±0,16 log 2, which did not differ from the comparison group (5,88±0,31 log 2). No significant differences in the level of antibody in a smooth and complicated course of vaccination period were found. Immunization of children with disorders of the nervous system of live vaccines is quite effective and leads to the formation of protective antibody titers in all vaccinated.

Age characteristics make it difficult to provide medical care to patients of young age. The study has demonstrated age-related differences in the quality of life in patients with HCV. In young adults are more pronounced disturbances of social and psychological components of quality of life compared with patients older than 30 years. The data obtained allow recommending the involvement of specialists in social work and psychologists to provide comprehensive care to patients of this age group.

Systemic meningococcal infection requires prompt and adequate medical care. It is considered as unpredictable disease due to extreme severity of a patient’s condition and high risk for fatal outcome. Survival of the children with systemic meningococcal infection was studied. Retrospective cohort includes all cases of systemic meningococcal disease in children arose in Arkhangelsk region in 1991–2011. Rate of fatal outcomes was high (41%). All death cases occurred during first three days of illness. Survival of the patient with correct pre-admission diagnosis was higher in comparison with initially undiagnosed cases. Survival functions were influenced by form of the disease and presence of septic shock. The usage of intramuscular injection of glucocorticoids on pre-admission stage according to the common recommendations did not improve the outcome.

In our study, 155 patients with chronic hepatitis B viral load was analyzed and its relationship with some of the results of laboratory and instrumental examinations. Found that half of the patients had a viral load of 4-5 log copies/ ml and above. In HBe-negative patients, the viral load is lower than in patients with HBeAg. The level of viremia had a direct correlation with the activity of ALT and AST, and eedback to the level of blood platelets. In patients with a viral load of more than 5 log copies / ml, significantly higher ALT, AST and GGT, as well as the level of red blood cells, whereas platelet counts were significantly lower than in patients with viremia <5 log copies/ml . Platelet counts inversely correlated with age. In 11% of patients with chronic hepatitis B over 40 years, had platelet counts below normal. The level of viral load and ALT and AST is straight, and the level of blood platelets inverse correlation with the severity of liver fibrosis. In patients without evidence of liver fibrosis (F0) viral load was significantly lower than in patients with signs of fibrosis of the liver at any stage of its formation.

At three study sites, incidence rates of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b exceeded the threshold of 10 cases per на 100,000 children under 5 and mandated vaccination. Both vaccines the use of which is permitted in the Russian Federation are efficacious and safe. In order to make immunization a success, it’s imperative to take the comprehensive approach comprising not only vaccine procurement but also cold chain reinforcement, laboratory capacity building including staff training, computerization of primary care facilities as well as other feasible types of healthcare modernization. Immunization against Haemophilus influenzae type b not only prevents in children purulent bacterial meningitis of aforementioned etiology but also reduces rates of respiratory infections.

The article presents the role of S.P. Botkin in the creation and development of Russia’s first infectious hospital. The creation of the hospital contributed to unfavorable epidemiological situation in a number of infectious diseases in St. Petersburg in 60–70 years XIX century. For the treatment of infectious diseases were no specialized infections hospital. At the initiative of S.P. Botkin was created Russia’s first hospital for infectious diseases, he also became a trustee on the medical side. Under the guidance of Professor Botkin in the barracks hospital began a systematic study of infectious diseases, there was formed the national school of infectious disease. On his initiative, the hospital created the first ambulance coach, first disinfecting chamber, opened the chemical and physiological laboratory. Sergei Petrovich in the hospital laid the foundation of the hospital medical statistics. He made a great contribution to the reorganization of the ambulance and hospital pharmacies. Opening of the Infectious Diseases Hospital has reduced he mortality rate from infectious diseases in St. Petersburg in three times.

The article presents the information on the basic stages and directions of clinical laboratory diagnostics development for 85 years of Scientific and Research Institute of Children’s Infections existence. The importance of biochemical and immunological research in the investigation of pathogenesis and working out of new diagnostic criteria to improve the course and possible outcomes of an infectious disease in children is underlined. The emphasis is made on the importance of modern hi-technology equipment usage in carrying out scientific and practical laboratory research.