The article represents the stages of historical development of Scientific and Research Institute of Children’s Infections from the moment of its foundation in 1927. The basic directions of scientific and practical activities are reflected. The priority of the institution and its role in the improvement of medical aid rendering to children with an infectious pathology are defined. The scientific achievements the introduction of which into practical public health service has a social value are described.

In the review the analysis of data on hospital infections which can be used at the organization of their prophylaxis in the hospitals. Systematization and differentiation of hospital infections depending on the reasons and conditions of occurrence, mechanisms of development, clinical and epidemiological signs has great value. It will assist specialists in planning and carrying out of the measures directed on improvement of quality of treatment of patients and increase of epidemiological safety of the hospital environment.

The paper contains data demonstrated that majority of persons belonged to groups with high risk of parenteral contamination with hepatitis B and C viruses yet before contamination with these viruses have complex of immunological disorders. In the article is presented the data reflecting main causes of these disorders development at different categories of such persons and main aspects of their pathogenetical and clinical significance are discussed.

In the paper are analyzed the results of author’s own long term experience in clinico-pathological correlations and some literary data. It is shown that morphological investigations play an important role in diagnostics of many infections, optimization of therapy, control of efficacy of the treatment and prognosis of the disease course. The results of the autopsy help not only to analyze the course of the illness in the concrete case, but also help in study of pathogenesis. Very informative are also the results of morphological investigations in animal models of infections.

IgA-nephropathy is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis in the world and therefore the mechanisms of this isease are actively explored. In our study, an analysis of renal biopsy issue from 117 patients IgA-nephropathy in the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis antigen related to age (before and after 60 years). It was shown that the presence of C. trachomatis in the glomerular zone influence on the severity of segmental sclerosis (p <0.05), and its presence in the interstitium affect on the size of the glomeruli (p <0.02) and severity of degeneration of epithelial tubules (p <0.02) regardless of patient age. It was shown the effect of C. trachomatis on the expression of local immune response of kidney tissue. In patients under 60 years: C. trachomatis in the glomeruli affects the number of cells of the phenotype CD25 (p = 0,04) and CD19 / κ (p = 0,034) in the glomerular infiltration and the presence of antigen in the interstitium affect the expression of CD95 (APO-1/Fas) (p = 0,038) by mononuclear cells infiltration and formation of deposits S5b-C9 (p = 0,042) in the interstitial space. In patients older than 60 years of presence C. trachomatis in the glomerular zone impacts on the expression of TNF-α (p = 0,039) in the glomeruli, the presence of antigen in interstitium affect the number of cells CD71 (p = 0,025) in the interstitial infiltrate. Based on these results, we concluded that the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis antigen has an impact on the development and course of the disease and is the etiologic agent in patients with IgA-nephropathy, regardless of age.

As a result of laboratory investigation 1651 patients at the age from 0 months till 18 years, hospitalized with ARI from 2008 to 2011, in ¾ cases the virus etiology of disease was found. At the same time in 2009-2011 was marked significant prevalence of pandemic influenza virus infection A(Н1N1)v in a kind mono- and mikst-infections (in 18,8 and 10,2 % of cases accordingly), and adenoviruses, espiratory sincitial viruses and parainfluenza were the most frequent concomitants (in 4,8, 3,2 and 2,4 % of cases). In a clinical picture of disease acute nasopharynx lesion (67,8 %) was predominated, complicating by croup in 12,2 % of cases, by acute bronchitis in 12,1 % of cases, and more rare by pneumonia (in 8,2 % of cases). The analysis of results of immunofluorescence test in comparison with the cumulative data of other laboratory methods (polymerase chain reaction, immuneenzyme analysis, virus isolation, serological examination) has shown possibility of discovery with its help the valuable information on etiology ARI, including influenza, at early stages of disease and in short terms.

This is the first-time comparison of pneumonia course severity in two different ethnic groups of children in the conditions of the Far North with the account of acetylatory phenotype and intensity of free-adical oxidation. Genetic polymorphism on activity of N-cetyltransferase (N-АТ) enzyme is present in the majority of human populations as some have fast and others slow form of enzyme. According to this there are phenotypically distinguished people with slow and fast acetylatory phenotype, so-called slow and fast acetylators (SА and FА). SА-сhildren are to a greater degree the subject  to complications in the cases of infectious diseases and do not easily response to therapies. The purpose of our research was to estimate the value of acetylatory phenotype of a child during the development of an acute respiratory infection complicated by pneumonia in both populations of children of Sakha Republic (native population – Yakuts and arrived population – Russians). There has been performed the examination of 112 children with acute respiratory infections complicated by pneumonia, and 49 practically healthy ones in the conditions of the Far North (Sakha). It is demonstrated that both Yakuts and Russians have to fight with pneumonia by free-radical oxidation activation (at the expense of “respiratory burst” reactions). It has been revealed that in the conditions of the Far North both hormones of stress, cortisol and somatotropic hormone work actively. The level of growth hormone was 2 times higher even in healthy Russian children to compare with Yakuts, (the level of growth hormone was 1,5 times higher among FА comparing with SА). The subpopulation structure of blood lymphocytes in SА-patients to a less degree depends on the intensity of free-radical oxidation to compare with FA-patients, especially in Yakuts population. Two independent parameters – speed of acetylation and free-radical oxidation intensity, regulating cell activation, synthesis of protection mediators and the level of hormones in blood, as well as cytotoxic properties of lymphocytes interact with each other, influencing the regulation of metabolism and separate mechanisms of immune response. This type of influence is to a greater degree expressed in children of Yakuts to compare with Russians. Depending on the combination of acetylation type and free-radical oxidation level during an acute phase of acute respiratory infection there is a change of a profile of immune protection due to the activation of cellular Th1-response or IgA production in mucous membranes. It is demonstrated that the stimulation of cellular response is more characteristic for Yakut-children, and humoral one for Russian-children. There have been revealed the features of pneumonia course, the metabolic laws of the development of adaptation response to infectious stress and the maintenance of immune homeostasis with taking into account a genophenotype of acute respiratory infection complicated by pneumonia in children of the Far North. The value of the research of N-АТ activity level in cases of acute respiratory infection complicated by pneumonia in ill children (Yakuts and Russians) in the conditions of the Far North is underlined as the reason for its further use as a marker of the predisposing factor for complicated acute respiratory infection and other infections.

The article presents the results of the research of vascular-platelet hemostasis in dynamics with the patients with hemorrhagic forms of erysipelas. Found an increase platelet aggregation in the background of a decrease in the total number of the given clinical forms of the disease. The greatest changes were typical for bullosa hemorrhagic process in the study of collagen-induced aggregation. Also revealed the presence of endothelial dysfunction by increased activity of von Willebrand factor.

Definition of risk factors and clinical characteristics of heavy complications of influenza for working out of criteria of polymodal intensive therapy and resuscitation was the work purpose. Results of linical supervision by 114 sick heavy form of influenza with pulmonary and extra pulmonary complications are presented. All patients suffered from virus pneumonia and sharp defeat of lungs /sharp respirator distress-syndrome (OPL/ORDS). Pulmonary complications included bacterial (85, 96 %) and micotic (2, 63 %) pneumonia, thrombosis of legoch arteries (19,29 %), the sharp respiratory insufficiency, caused by the polyneuropathy of a critical condition of the patient (18,42 %), the exssudative pleuritis (9,65 %), spontaneous pheumothorax (4,39 %), spontaneous pheumomediastinum (2,69 %). Extra pulmonary complications concerned the swell of brain at 100 % of patients, including, with development of a brain coma (26,32 %), sepsis (85,96 %), including, with development of septic shock (68,42 %), syndrome of disseminated intravenous coagulation (49,12 %), multyorgan insufficiency (56,14 %), sharp heavy miocarditis (22,81 %), sharp nephritic insufficiency (18,42 %), sharp hepatic insufficiency (10,52 %). Early development of pathophysiological processes (the expressed infringements of a gas exchange and an acid-base condition, a secondary immunodeficiency, heamodynamical insufficiency,m etc.) leads to underestimation of severity of the patient’s condition and to failer of algorithm of polymodal intensive therapy. Development of severe complications(sepsis, septic shock, sharp respirator distress-syndrome) demands expansion for epidemic of specialized medicalstructures on rendering timely intensive therapy and resuscitation.

Hepatitis E – zoonotic disease that has received a nosological independence twenty years ago, when Russian scientist, Professor M.S. Balayan, identified the pathogen (hepatitis E). It was believed that the disease can manifest itself only in the acute form, and occur only in regions with subtropical and tropical climate conditions. The development and introduction of practicing of modern scientific research methods for detecting antibodies to activator change, to view the global prevalence of infection and present doubts on inabilities of transformation into a chronic f a retrospective analysis of hospital cases of acute jaundice hepatitis E in Saint-Petersburg.
Etiologic accessory to hepatitis E implemented by discovery in serum of patients a specific marker of infection hepatitis E – an anti-HEV.
In the analysis of archive documentation for 2000–2011 from the patients which were hospitalized in the Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital by S.P. Botkin only 11patients were diagnosed with «acute hepatitis E». Which indicates the presence of patients with acute hepatitis E infection among hospitalized in hospitals of the city of St. Petersburg are not endemic for this disease. The presence of cases of disease of the indigenous inhabitants of the city during the past years, which isn’t going beyond its limits, indicates the existence of «autochthonous» hepatitis E.

Development of methodology for the identification of certified probiotic microorganisms in the intestinal contents of white mice and uinea pigs and study of their survival in the gastrointestinal tract of experimental animals. Rifampicin-resistant bifidobacteria and lactobacilli were used in the experiments. Cultures of microorganisms that have retained the species features were administered orally for 14 days and the number of viable bifidobacteria and lactobacilli were determined by sowing of feces in a dense nutrient medium with rifampicin. Probiotic microorganisms administered orally to experimental animals for 14 days are detected in the feces on the second day of the experiment. Live probiotic bacteria ceases completely to be detected in the feces of animals 3 days after the termination of their oral administration. Using the developed universal method of differentiation of probiotic microorganisms entering the living organisms and strains of their own intestinal microflora a significant decrease (4–7 orders of magnitude) in survival of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the organisms of experimental animals was shown, followed by a lack of probiotic effect.

Analysis of the composition of intestinal microflora of white mice and guinea pigs in an experimental antibiotic-associated dysbacteriosis and assessment of the possibility of its correction with prebiotic Stimbifid. White mice and guinea pigs in an experimental antibiotic-associated dysbacteriosis were used in the experiments. The recovery of their own intestinal microflora of laboratory animals was evaluated after prebiotic Stimbifid oral administration. The positive effect of prebiotic Stimbifid has been found to restore their own intestinal microflora of white mice and guinea pigs, including Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus and Escherichia. Prebiotic Stimbifid has been shown to be useful for the correction of the intestinal microflora of laboratory animals in an experimental antibiotic-associated dysbacteriosis.

Infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome is a life-threatening condition characterized by prolonged fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and cytopenia—most commonly, thrombocytopenia and anemia. It is characterized by proliferation and activation of benign histiocytes, causing dysfunction of various organs. Herein, we report about two clinical cases of hemophagocytic syndrome, associated with cytomegalovirus and Epstein – Barr virus.