In this review we present current information on various aspects of infectious mononucleosis in children. Based on the analysis of scientific literature highlights the major etiological factors that lead to the development of this disease. The paper describes the clinical and laboratory features of infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpes virus type VI. Presents literature data on the impact of herpes infection on the development of mononucleosis. Showing modern aspects of an integrated diagnosis of herpesvirus infection in infectious mononucleosis in children.

The review provides data on the most important etiological factors of viral myocarditis and on relatively new pathogens, based on the capabilities of modern verification of viral diseases. Some aspects of pathogenesis of viral myocardial damage giving the indication of the prospects for their use in the diagnostics and prognosis of the disease are considered. The challenges and possibilities of modern diagnostics of viral myocarditis are discussed.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most significant problems in the Russian Health Care. Russia remains on the list of the 22 countries with a high TB incidence and on the third place in the world with a high prevalence of Drug Resistant TB [1]. It is urgently needed to develop new TB diagnostic methods as well as effective measures of the specific TB prevention, including a development of the novel vaccines, so we have to know better about the most immunogenic antigens of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. We studied the Interferon-Q production in the whole blood after stimulating immune response with different proteins of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in patients with active TB. The study results permitted us to evaluate the immunogenicity of the previously known proteins (Ag85a и ESAT-6) in comparison to the recently identified ones (Rv2957, Rv2958c и Rv0447), analyzing simultaneously their relation to tuberculin, as well as to antigens of the different viruses (Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, Influenza Virus). Protein Rv2958c, unlike protein ESAT-6, showed the high immunogenicity in comparison to tuberculin. The expressed immunogenicity of protein Rv2958c might be indicated a possible greatest specificity of immune response to this antigen in TB patients. Meanwhile, bacillary tuberculosis was strongly associated with low immune response to this protein. Also we were found statistical differences in immune responses of patients to the different Mycobacterium Tuberculosis antigens depending on the drug sensitivity. In addition it was interesting to know about a significantly low immune response of patients with Drug Resistant TB to protein pp65 CMV.

In this study, the cellular sensitivity of white blood cells in vitro to interferon-α2 in children with EBV-infection in the acute period of the disease in terms of the 1, 6, 12 months after a previous infection. Found that children in the dynamics of the EBV-infection, preservation of cell sensitivity at the same level at 1 month after the disease is seen in 40,5% children, 6 months – 27,8% patients. Lack of cell sensitivity to interferon-α2 blood leukocytes in 12 months after undergoing a EBV-infection observed in 88,9% of children. During repeated courses interferon-therapy to study cellular sensitivity of blood leukocytes for individual selection of the drug.

The paper presents the results of the research on effectiveness of combined antiviral therapy conducted with pegylated interferon alpha 2b of prolonged action (Peginterferon alpha 2b at a dose of 60 mcg/m2 per week) and Rebetol (Ribavirin at a dose of 15 mg/kg per day) in 26 children with chronic viral hepatitis C aged from 3 to 17, who underwent regular medical check-ups in City Clinical Hospital № 20 named after I.S. Berzon in Krasnoyarsk. Evaluation of effectiveness of combined antiviral therapy revealed that patients with genotype 1 had an immediate virologic response in 78,5% of cases, 83,3% of patients with genotype 2, 3 had a stable virologic response.

The analysis of the epidemiological situation in respect of chronic hepatitis C in the Russian Federation and the Kirov region for the period 1998–2012 yy. The data on the characteristics and frequency of outcomes of chronic hepatitis C, according to the 5-year observation of patients Kirov branch of viral hepatitis infectious diseases hospital. The results of genotyping HCV-virus in 730 patients with chronic hepatitis C in the dynamics from 2006–2010, and in comparison with other regions of Russia. Dominant in the region are the genotypes 1b and 3a, minor – 2 and 1a. During the analyzed period, there was a trend to a decrease in the proportion of genotypes 1b and 1a, and increase the proportion of subtype 3a and 2.

This study is based on the investigation of 31 HB V-infected women, which have observed at Botkin Infectious Hospital in 2012. Considerable variations of viral load in the course of pregnancy have been observed in the HB V cohort. In the course of pregnancy the HBsAg level does not vary too much. A high HBsAg HBsAg HBsAg HBsAg HBsAg level in the HB HB V cohort can be used as a predictive factor of exacerbation after delivery.

We present the results of the neurophysiological study in which 95 children with viral encephalitis and 30 children with meningitis (age from 2 up to 17 years) undergo evoked potentials investigation. Some specific features of evoked potentials in neuroinfections have been shown to correlate with the course of disease and the age of the patients. We give a description of a logistic model of predicting outcomes in such patients by complex diagnostic method. We have found that evoked potentials may be successfully implemented in correcting the therapeutic strategies. Study of evoked potentials in neuroinfections in children can define the severity and extent of lesions and help to identify subclinical dysfunction and monitor the recovery processes under the therapy.

The result of this study represented nature of the change of trombocyte serotonine at patient with acute period of tick-borne encephalitis. It was investigated that level of trombocyte serotonine was reliable reducted at patient with tick-borne encephalitis in to peak of the disease and to period early recovery, unlike control meanings. The quantitative factors of trombocyte serotonine were greatly lower upon more heavy paralytic (local) form, than at nonparalytic (febrile and meningeal). Presence of reliable difference between parameter of trombocyte serotonine upon these forms of tick-borne encephalitis allows using his as prediction for estimation of the development to gravity of the disease.

The aim of the research was to curry out correction of hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal failure syndrome (HFRS) and evaluate some clinical and laboratory parameters. The results of examining 91 men patients with HFRS at the age of 18 till 50 years old are presented. The vitamin complex «Angiovit» was used for hyperhomocysteinemia correction. The correction of hyperhomocysteinemia using the vitamin complex in all the three considered forms (mid, severs, complicated) there are statistically significant decreases of homocysteine, the duration of oliguric stage and the concentration of creatinine in oliguric and diuretic stages in patients with HFRS compared with the group of patients having the generally basically therapy.

91 pair «HIV infected pregnant women – HIV positive child» were examined. In 26% children, rapid progression of HIV infection to the development of AIDS in the first two years of life were observed. Multifactorial logistic regression model demonstrated, that independent predictors of rapid HIV-infection progression in children were horionamnionitis and fetal growth retardation during pregnancy in the mother. Sensitivity of both predictors parallel usage for forecasting of poor HIV-infection course in children was 83%, and specificity was 67%.

The results of comparative analysis of epidemiological, clinical and laboratory indicators in 317 children in the age from 1 month to 5 years with acute respiratory syncytial virus infection (АRSVI) with the lower respiratory tract lesion are presented. All the patients were comprehensively examined for АRSVI. Only 29 children (10% of the surveyed patients) had no RSVI markers. Clinical and laboratory signs of acute RSVI were identified in 220 children (68,7%). In children of the first year of life АRSVI was confirmed by the viral RNA detection in the oropharynx strokes in 65% of cases. In children of the second year of life ARSVI was confirmed by detection of the viral RNA and RSV antigens in the oropharynx strokes equally frequently (52% and 54%). In patients over the age of two years the diagnosis was based on the RSV antigens (66%) and specific IgM (36%) detection. In most hospitalized children the disease has been proceeded in moderate form. Severe forms have been generally detected in children of the first year of life (8,6%). In children of the first year of life ARSVI has been often proceeded with the bronchial obstruction syndrome (63%), and only in this group bronchiolitis has been developed (12%). The frequency of ENT-organs lesion increased in children aged 2 to 5 years and the disease has been proceeded mainly with the pneumonia symptoms. The maximum viral RNA detection in children of the first year of life was recorded in November-February 2012, with the re-increase in May 2012. In patients aged 1,1 to 2,0 years the ARSVI markers have been detected evenly throughout the year of observation, excluding the summer months. In the group of children of the pre-school age (2,1–5,0 years) the hospitalization rate for the RSVI increased significantly in September-October 2011, and the frequent virus excretion was maintained during the summer months in patients with the lesions of the lower respiratory tract.

The results are presented of evaluation of the efficiency of the filtered aqueous suspension of white mice (donors) feces and microorganisms of indigenous microflora in the correction of intestinal microbiocenosis of conventional white mice with antibiotic-associated dysbacteriosis with administration of suspension and microorganisms per os and per rectum. After the start of administration of suspension and microorganisms of fecal microflora to experimental animals the dynamics of the total content of microorganisms and the number of some representatives of intestinal microflora in 1 g of feces were evaluated in comparison with self-recovery of intestinal microflora in the control group animals. Results showed that the supernatant of an aqueous suspension of white mice (donors) feces, containing microbial exometabolites and other biologically active compounds, has in a short time the most pronounced effect on the recovery of the normal intestinal microflora in experimental animals.

Chronic virus hepatitises and tuberculosis are widespread in the population as monoinfections that is caused by action of biological, social and economic factors of risk. The presented materials of the epidemiological analysis testify to growth of incidence of co-infections, active involvement in epidemic process, lethality increase. For the prevention of formation of co-infections expediently early identification of cases these diseases, adequate treatment of HVG and tuberculosis for the purpose of the prevention of the epidemic situation.

Measles was imported to Saint-Petersburg from the Chechen Republic by the patient admitted to the Children’s Clinical Hospital where the measles focus out of 94 cases was formed within the period of January – March, 2012. The typical clinical form of infection was revealed for all measles cases. The general signs of the infection were fever, rash, cough, rhinitis, conjunctivitis. Children under 17 years old consisted three quarters of patients. Among measles patients 75% of cases were the non vaccinated children in the age of 5 months – 14 years. Measles was confirmed by detection of IgM antibodies to measles virus in ELISA in 93.6% of sera samples. Molecular studies of the biological samples from the patient who was the source of the infection as well as from the other patients revealed the measles virus genotype D4 “Iran 2010”. This genotype widely circulated in Iran, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan as well as in some regions of Russia in 2010–2012. The later diagnostic and isolation of the first measles patient in this hospital facilitated the transmission of measles virus infection in the Hospital where the most part of the non vaccinated children were also treated.

The article presents a case of death of the young child, carries generalized HIV complicated by Pneumocystis pneumonia. Clinic HIV encephalitis so scarce that the disease is difficult to diagnose and manifestation of symptoms of HIV infection may begin with opportunistic infections, as in the present clinical observation.

Nonimmune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) may be due to congenital infections. This article examines the congenital infections associated with NIHF – parvovirus and syphilis. Particular attention is paid to data verification infection and specificity of morphological changes in the placenta.