This review presents the current possibilities of diagnosis of children’s liver disease: to define avidity of antibodies to hepatitis A, C for detection early infection, the development of non-invasive panel of serum markers of fibrosis and the introduction of elastography liver, as an alternative to needle biopsy. Indicated promising directions in the therapeutic tactics of viral hepatitis in children associated with the use of combined schemes of parenteral interferon (IF), including pegylated, in conjunction with similar nukleoz(t) ides, IF inducers.

The problem of congenital infections (CI) is topical for health care services due to its high rate, severity, unfavorable outcomes and considerable economic burden. The authors review state-of-the-art in diagnostics, treatment and prophylaxis of CI. Using of some terms, debatable questions in classification of CI and classification of perinatal
cerebral affections are considered. Special attention is paid to analyze and ways to improve modern system of antenatal evaluation risks of CI. It was shown the necessity in early lab exam of pregnant women by using modern quantitative methods and specialists’ in infectious diseases participation in results evaluation, as well.

Transcranial Doppler sonography was performed in 120 children with serous meningitis with various degrees of intracranial hypertension. Cerebral blood flow disturbances – decreased dilatation reserve and mean blood flow velocity in cerebral arteries, increased cerebrovascular
resistance were found.

In the article presented results of the examination of acute phase proteins in cerebrospinal liquid in 237 children with meningitis and encephalitis viral and bacterial etiology. The dependence between the level of acute phase proteins in cerebrospinal liquid and etiology of neuroinfectional process, the severity of brain damage and the process stage was determined. Diagnostic and prognostic efficiency of the acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein, albumin, alpha-1-antitripsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, gaptoglobin) examination in children with neuroinfections was specified. Developed method of express diagnostics of the severity of inflammatory damage of the brain in bacterial meningitis in children by determination in cerebrospinal liquid alpha-2-macroglobulin is described.

The article presents the results of a survey of 77 patients with confirmed acute tick-borne infection in the age of 1 year to 17 years. Three patients (5%) selected Borrelia miyamotoi. Identified clinical and laboratory features of infection caused by Borrelia miyamotoi. It is shown that Borrelia miyamotoi causes the development of recurrent febrile conditions without erythema migrans at the background of marked cerebral symptoms. In this regard, necessary to carry out a differential diagnosis of this disease with tick borne encephalitis.

The algorithms of neurophysiological diagnostic of impairment localization of nervous system in acute phase of neuroinfection in children were elaborated. The combined some EMG and evoked potentials methods were reliable for diagnostic botulism, polyneuropathy, mononeuropathy, polyradiculopathy, poliomyelitis, inflammation myelopathy, myelitis, meningitis, encephalitis. The reliability of neuriphysiologic diagnostic was 81–93%.

We describe the cases of ME at different stages of development in 8 children died at the age of 19 days to 2 years 11 months and one surviving child after herpetic encephalitis. We present morphological and neurosonographic changes the brain from the stage of necrosis up to the stage of formation of cysts. The dynamics of structural changes of the cysts. We describe a rare case of giant cyst formation of the cerebral hemispheres in a child born with a mass of 500 g. In the majority of observations for ME postinfectious vasculitis characterized by the brain. Considered signs of differences posthypoxic (ischemic) and postinflammatory foci of necrosis of the brain.

We have performed a clinical and cerebral MRI study of among 145 children with leukoencephalitis aged from 6 months to 18 years. The group of herpes viruses (i.e., herpes virus 1–2 and 6 types, virus Epstein – Barr, varicellazoster and cytomegalovirus) has been found to play the main role in etiology of leukoencephalitises with children; these viruses are detected in patients with mixed infections as well as in patients with mono infections. We defined clinical and MRI patterns, characteristic of leukoencephalitis and caused by different pathogens. The etiology of leukoencephalitis has been found to determine the course and outcome of the disease. Patient`s age (> 10 years) is associated with chronical leukoencephalitis.

The previous complex estimation of the indicators characterising a microstructure of mucous colon, local nonspecific secretory class A immunoglobulin level in koprofiltrate, and functional activity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes taken into account, a nonspecific resistance condition of mucous colon in the development of protracted infectious course and dramatically restructurea forms of intestinal dysbacteriosis have been estimated in children with acute enteric infections.

80 years marks since the founding of the department of infectious diseases in children of St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical Academy in 2010. The historical review presented in detail the stages and formation of oldest development in Russia the department of children’s infections. The main directions of infectious diseases and training of specialists in the field of infectious diseases in children presented.