jofinЖурнал инфектологииJournal Infectology2072-6732IPO “АIDSSPbR"10.22625/2072-6732-2018-10-3-45-53jofin-756Research ArticleОбзорReviewОБОСНОВАНИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ПО ОПТИМИЗАЦИИ СИСТЕМЫ ОКАЗАНИЯ ХИРУРГИЧЕСКОЙ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ПОМОЩИ ПАЦИЕНТАМ С ВИЧ-ИНФЕКЦИЕЙ. АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫJUSTIFICATION OF RESEARCH ON SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION OF SURGICAL DENTAL CARE TO PATIENTS WITH HIV INFECTION. ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF LITERATUREБазикянЭ. А.BazikyanE. A.

заведующий кафедрой хирургии полости рта, д.м.н., профессор, заслуженный врач РФ,

Москва

Moscow

prof.bazikian@gmail.comБеляковаА. С.BelyakovaA. S.

ассистент кафедры хирургии полости рта, к.м.н.,

Москва

Moscow

bel.stom@mail.ruПчелинИ. В.PchelinI. V.

председатель,

Москва

Moscow

shagi@hiv-aids.ruМосковский государственный медико-стоматологический университет имени А.И. ЕвдокимоваРоссияMoscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. EvdokimovRussian FederationРегиональный благотворительный общественный фонд борьбы со СПИДом «Шаги»РоссияRegional charitable public fund of struggle against AIDS “Steps”Russian Federation2018041020181034553Copyright © Базикян Э.А., Белякова А.С., Пчелин И.В., 20182018Базикян Э.А., Белякова А.С., Пчелин И.В.Bazikyan E.A., Belyakova A.S., Pchelin I.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.niidi.ru/jofin/article/view/756

В статье представлен анализ данных отечественной и зарубежной специальной литературы по проблеме стоматологической реабилитации пациентов с ВИЧинфекцией. Выявлено, что до настоящего времени не изучена структура и распространённость стоматологической хирургической патологии при ВИЧ-инфекции, не определены показатели нуждаемости в лечении заболеваний стоматологического профиля. Выявлен неудовлетворительный доступ к квалифицированной стоматологической помощи, в том числе из-за дискриминации и стигматизации со стороны медицинских работников в отношении как самого заболевания, так и больных ВИЧ-инфекцией. Обоснована актуальность совершенствования системы оказания хирургической стоматологической помощи ВИЧ-инфицированным с целью обеспечения максимально достижимого уровня здоровья. Данные этого аналитического обзора представляют важную теоретическую основу для разработки новых тактических подходов к реализации стратегического направления стоматологического имплантологического лечения людей, живущих с ВИЧ, для расширения доступа к данной медицинской услуге.

The article presents an analysis of the Russian and foreign specialized literature on the problem of dental rehabilitation of patients with HIV infection. It has been revealed that the structure and prevalence of dental surgical pathology in HIV infection has not been studied to date, the indices of the need for treatment of diseases of the dental profile have not been determined. Unsatisfactory access to qualified dental care has been identified, including due to discrimination and stigmatization by health professionals regarding both the disease itself and patients with HIV infection. The urgency of improving the system of rendering surgical dental care to HIV-infected with the aim of ensuring the maximum achievable level of health is substantiated. The data of the presented analytical review represent an important theoretical basis for the development of new tactical approaches to the implementation of the strategic direction of dental implant treatment of people living with HIV to expand access to this medical service.

ВИЧ-инфекциядентальная имплантацияостеопорозминеральная плотность костиантиретровирусная терапияHIV infectiondental implantationosteoporosisbone mineral densityantiretroviral therapyReferencesВирус иммунодефицита человека – медицина: руководство для врачей / под ред. Н.А. Белякова, А.Г. Рахмановой. – СПб.: Балтийский медицинский образовательный центр, 2011. – 656 с.Human immunodeficiency virus - medicine: a guide for doctors / Ed. ON. Belyakova, A.G. Rakhmanova. - St. Petersburg: Baltic Medical Education Center, 2011. - 656 p.Бартлетт, Дж. Клинические аспекты ВИЧ-инфекции. 2012 / Дж. Бартлетт, Дж. Галлант, П. Фам. – М.: Р. Валент, 2012. – 528 с.Bartlett J. Clinical aspects of HIV infection. 2012 / J. Bartlett, J. Gallant, P. Fam. - Moscow: R. Valent, 2012. - 528 p.ВИЧ-инфекция и СПИД. Национальное руководство. Краткое издание / под ред. В.В. Покровского. – М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2014. – 528 с.HIV infection and AIDS. National leadership. Short edition / ed. V.V. Pokrovsky. - Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2014. - 528 p.ВИЧ-инфекция у взрослых. Клинические рекомендации. – Министерство здравоохранения РФ, 2017. – 64 с.Newsletter Global HIV statistics: [Electronic resource] // UNAIDS - Joint United Nations Program, 2017. URL: http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet (Date of circulation: 30/03/2018)Информационный бюллетень Глобальная статистика ВИЧ: [Электронный ресурс] // ЮНЕЙДС – Объединенная программа Организации Объединенных Наций, 2017. – URL: http://www.unaids.org/ru/resources/fact-sheet (Дата обращения: 30.03.2018)Reference HIV infection in the Russian Federation in 2017: [Electronic resource] // Federal Scientific and Methodological Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS FBUN Central Research Institute of Epidemiology Rospotrebnadzor, 2017. URL: http://aids-centr.perm.ru/images/4/hiv_in_russia/hiv_in_rf_31.12.2017.pdfСправка ВИЧ-инфекция в Российской Федерации в 2017 г.: [Электронный ресурс] // Федеральный научнометодический центр по профилактике и борьбе со СПИДом ФБУН Центрального НИИ эпидемиологии Роспотребнадзора, 2017. – URL: http://aids-centr.perm.ru/images/4/hiv_in_russia/hiv_in_rf_31.12.2017.pdfChoromańska M. Prosthetic status and needs of HIV positive subjects / M. Choromańska, D. Waszkiel // Adv. Med. Sci. – 2006. – Vol. 51, N 1. – P. 106–109.Choromańska M. Prosthetic status and needs of HIV positive subjects / M. Choromańska, D. Waszkiel // Adv. Med. Sci. – 2006. – Vol. 51, N 1. – P. 106–109.Engeland C.G. HIV infection and tooth loss / C.G. Engeland, P. Jang, M. Alves et al. // Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. – 2008. – Vol. 105, N 3. – P. 321–326.Engeland C.G. HIV infection and tooth loss / C.G. Engeland, P. Jang, M. Alves et al. // Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. – 2008. – Vol. 105, N 3. – P. 321–326.Baqui A. Association of HIV viral load with oral diseases / A. Baqui, T. Meiller, M. Jabra-Rizk et al. // Oral Dis. – 1999. – Vol. 5, N 4. – P. 294–298.Baqui A. Association of HIV viral load with oral diseases / A. Baqui, T. Meiller, M. Jabra-Rizk et al. // Oral Dis. – 1999. – Vol. 5, N 4. – P. 294–298.Aichelmann-Reidy M.E. HIV infection and bone loss due to periodontal disease / M.E. Aichelmann-Reidy, D.L. Wrigley, J.C. Gunsolley // J. Periodontol. – 2010. – Vol. 81, N 6. – P. 877–884.Aichelmann-Reidy M.E. HIV infection and bone loss due to periodontal disease / M.E. Aichelmann-Reidy, D.L. Wrigley, J.C. Gunsolley // J. Periodontol. – 2010. – Vol. 81, N 6. – P. 877–884.Guarnelli M.E. Radiographic evaluation of alveolar bone height in HIV-positive patients / M.E. Guarnelli, L. Trombelli, G. Calura // Minerva Stomatol. – 1999. – Vol. 48, N 6. – P. 247–255.Guarnelli M.E. Radiographic evaluation of alveolar bone height in HIV-positive patients / M.E. Guarnelli, L. Trombelli, G. Calura // Minerva Stomatol. – 1999. – Vol. 48, N 6. – P. 247–255.Persson R.E. Alveolar bone levels in AIDS and HIV seropositive patients and in control subjects / R.E. Persson, L.G. Hollender, G.R. Persson // J. Periodontol. – 1998. – Vo. 69, N 9. – P. 1056–1061.Persson R.E. Alveolar bone levels in AIDS and HIV seropositive patients and in control subjects / R.E. Persson, L.G. Hollender, G.R. Persson // J. Periodontol. – 1998. – Vo. 69, N 9. – P. 1056–1061.Dodson T.B. HIV status and the risk of post-extraction complications / T.B. Dodson // J. Dent. Res. – 1997. – Vol. 76. – P. 1644–1652.Dodson T.B. HIV status and the risk of post-extraction complications / T.B. Dodson // J. Dent. Res. – 1997. – Vol. 76. – P. 1644–1652.Timofeev A.A. Peculiarities of the clinical course of odontogenic inflammatory diseases of jaws and soft tissues in patients with drug addiction and HIV-infected / A.А. Timofeev // Modern stomatology. - 2006. - No. 2. - P. 88-95.Тимофеев, А.А. Особенности клинического течения одонтогенных воспалительных заболеваний челюстей и мягких тканей у больных наркоманией и ВИЧ-инфицированных / А.А. Тимофеев // Современная стоматология. – 2006. – № 2. – С. 88–95.Bluvstein G.A. Clinical and morphological aspects of surgical errors and complications in patients with HIV / AIDS / G.А. Bluvstein, S.A. Moserov, A.A. Kulakov // News of Higher Educational Establishments. The Volga region. Medical sciences. - 2010. - No. 4 (16). - P. 61-72.Блувштейн, Г.А. Клинико-морфологические аспекты хирургических ошибок и осложнений у больных ВИЧ/ СПИД / Г.А. Блувштейн, С.А. Мозеров, А.А. Кулаков // Известия высших учебных заведений. Поволжский регион. Медицинские науки. – 2010. – № 4 (16). – С. 61–72.Campo-Trapero J. Dental management of patients with human immunodeficiency virus / J. Campo-Trapero, J. CanoS nchez, J. del Romero-Guerrero // Quintessence Int. – 2003. – Vol. 34, N 7. – P. 515–525.Campo-Trapero J. Dental management of patients with human immunodeficiency virus / J. Campo-Trapero, J. CanoSánchez, J. del Romero-Guerrero // Quintessence Int. – 2003. – Vol. 34, N 7. – P. 515–525.Abel S.N. Principles of Oral Health Management for the HIV/AIDS Patient / S.N. Abel, D. Croser, S. Fischman et al. // Dental Alliance for AIDS/HIV Care (DAAC), 2000. – 53 p.Abel S.N. Principles of Oral Health Management for the HIV/AIDS Patient / S.N. Abel, D. Croser, S. Fischman et al. // Dental Alliance for AIDS/HIV Care (DAAC), 2000. – 53 p.Pivnik A.V. Thrombocytopenia in HIV infection / A.V. Pivnik [et al.] // Therapeutic archive. - 2008. - No. 80 (7). - P. 75-80.Пивник, А.В. Тромбоцитопения при ВИЧ-инфекции / А.В. Пивник [и др.] // Терапевтический архив. – 2008. – № 80 (7). – С. 75–80.Khairetdinov RK Thrombocytopenia in HIV infection / R.K. Khayretdinov [and others] // Bulletin of the Peoples› Friendship University of Russia. Ser. Medicine. - 2010. - №3. - P.129-132.Хайретдинов, Р.К. Тромбоцитопения при ВИЧинфекции / Р.К. Хайретдинов [и др.] // Вестник РУДН. Сер. Медицина. – 2010. – № 3. – С. 129–132.Little J.W. Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient / J.W. Little, D.A. Falace, C.S. Miller et al. – 8th ed. – St. Louis, MO: Elsevier, Inc., 2013. – 715 p.Little J.W. Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient / J.W. Little, D.A. Falace, C.S. Miller et al. – 8th ed. – St. Louis, MO: Elsevier, Inc., 2013. – 715 p.Monier P. Osteonecrosis complicating highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus / P. Monier, K. McKown, S. Bronze // Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2000. – Vol. 31. – P. 1488–1492.Monier P. Osteonecrosis complicating highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus / P. Monier, K. McKown, S. Bronze // Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2000. – Vol. 31. – P. 1488–1492.Miller K.D. High prevalence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in HIV-infected adults / K.D. Miller, H. Masur, E.C. Jones et al. // Ann. Intern. Med. – 2002. – Vol. 137. – P. 17–25.Miller K.D. High prevalence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in HIV-infected adults / K.D. Miller, H. Masur, E.C. Jones et al. // Ann. Intern. Med. – 2002. – Vol. 137. – P. 17–25.Allison G.T. Osteonecrosis in HIV disease: epidemiology, etiologies, and clinical management / G.T. Allison, M.P. Bostrom, M.J. Glesby // AIDS. – 2003. – Vol. 17. – P. 1–9.Allison G.T. Osteonecrosis in HIV disease: epidemiology, etiologies, and clinical management / G.T. Allison, M.P. Bostrom, M.J. Glesby // AIDS. – 2003. – Vol. 17. – P. 1–9.Gutiérrez F. Osteonecrosis in Patients Infected With HIV: Clinical Epidemiology and Natural History in a Large Case Series from Spain / F. Gutiérrez, S. Padilla, M. Masiá et al. // JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. – 2006. – Vol. 42, N 3. – P. 286–292.Gutiérrez F. Osteonecrosis in Patients Infected With HIV: Clinical Epidemiology and Natural History in a Large Case Series from Spain / F. Gutiérrez, S. Padilla, M. Masiá et al. // JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. – 2006. – Vol. 42, N 3. – P. 286–292.Johnson M.D. Osteonecrosis in HIV-infected persons: radiographic findings delay clinical diagnosis / M.D. Johnson, C.F. Decker // AIDS Read. – 2008. – Vol. 18, N 3. – P. 124– 126.Johnson M.D. Osteonecrosis in HIV-infected persons: radiographic findings delay clinical diagnosis / M.D. Johnson, C.F. Decker // AIDS Read. – 2008. – Vol. 18, N 3. – P. 124– 126.Zvonovsky V.B. HIV and stigma / VB Zvonovsky // Journal of Social Policy Studies. - 2008. - No. 6 (4). - P. 505-522.Звоновский, В.Б. ВИЧ и стигма / В.Б. Звоновский // Журнал исследований социальной политики. – 2008. – № 6 (4). – С. 505–522.Bogachanskaya N.N. The attitude of therapists to HIVinfected patients / N.N. Bogachanskaya // Contemporary Studies of Social Problems. - 2011. - No. 1 (05). - P.217-219.Богачанская, Н.Н. Отношение врачей-терапевтов к ВИЧ-инфицированным пациентам / Н.Н. Богачанская // Современные исследования социальных проблем. – 2011. – № 1(05). – С.217–219.Brondani M.A. Stigma around hiv in dental care: patients› experiences / M.A. Brondani, J.C. Phillips, R.P. Kerston et al. // J. Can. Dent. Assoc. – 2016. – 82: g1.Brondani M.A. Stigma around hiv in dental care: patients› experiences / M.A. Brondani, J.C. Phillips, R.P. Kerston et al. // J. Can. Dent. Assoc. – 2016. – 82: g1.Kalichman S. Measuring AIDS stigmas in people living with HIV/AIDS: the Internalized AIDS-Related Stigma Scale / S. Kalichman, L. Simbayi, A. Cloete et al. // AIDS Care. – 2009. – Vol. 21, N 1. – P. 87–93.Kalichman S. Measuring AIDS stigmas in people living with HIV/AIDS: the Internalized AIDS-Related Stigma Scale / S. Kalichman, L. Simbayi, A. Cloete et al. // AIDS Care. – 2009. – Vol. 21, N 1. – P. 87–93.Logie C. Meta-analysis of health and demographic correlates of stigma towards people living with HIV / C. Logie, T. Gadalla // AIDS Care. – 2009. – Vol. 21, N 6. – P. 742–753.Logie C. Meta-analysis of health and demographic correlates of stigma towards people living with HIV / C. Logie, T. Gadalla // AIDS Care. – 2009. – Vol. 21, N 6. – P. 742–753.Robustova T.G. Implantation of teeth (surgical aspects) / Т.Г. Robustova. - Moscow: Medicine, 2003. - 560 p.Робустова, Т.Г. Имплантация зубов (хирургические аспекты) / Т.Г. Робустова. – М.: Медицина, 2003. – 560 с.Renoir F. Risk factors in dental implantology / F. Renoir, B. Rangert. - Moscow: Azbuka, 2004. - 176 p.Ренуар, Ф. Факторы риска в стоматологической имплантологии / Ф. Ренуар, Б. Рангерт. – М.: Азбука, 2004. – 176 с.Paraskevich VL Dental implantology: the fundamentals of theory and practice: leadership / V.L. Paraskevich. - M., 2006. - 240c.Параскевич, В.Л. Дентальная имплантология: основы теории и практики: руководство / В.Л. Параскевич. – М., 2006. – 240c.Dental implantation: textbook / compilation: Selskiy NE, Bulyakov RT, Galieva EI, Gulyaeva OA, Viktorov SV, Trokhalin AV, Korotik I. ABOUT. - Ufa: FSBUU Publishing House, BSMU, Ministry of Health of Russia, 2016 - 116 p.Дентальная имплантация : учебное пособие / сост.: Сельский Н.Е., Буляков Р.Т., Галиева Э.И., Гуляева О.А., Викторов С.В., Трохалин А.В., Коротик И.О. – Уфа: Изд-во ФГБОУ ВО БГМУ Минздрава России, 2016 – 116 с.Baron M. Implants in an HIVpositive patient: a case report / M. Baron, F. Gritsch, A.M. Hansy et al. // Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants. – 2004. – Vol. 19. – P. 425–430.Baron M. Implants in an HIVpositive patient: a case report / M. Baron, F. Gritsch, A.M. Hansy et al. // Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants. – 2004. – Vol. 19. – P. 425–430.Shetty K. Dental implants in the HIV-positive patientcase report and review of the literature / K. Shetty, R. Achong // Gen. Dent. – 2005. – Vol. 53. – P. 434–437.Shetty K. Dental implants in the HIV-positive patientcase report and review of the literature / K. Shetty, R. Achong // Gen. Dent. – 2005. – Vol. 53. – P. 434–437.Romanos G.E. Immediate loading with fixed implantsupported restorations in an edentulous patient with an HIV infection: a case report / G.E. Romanos, E. Goldin, L. Marotta et al. // Implant Dent. – 2014. – Vol. 23. – P. 8–12.Romanos G.E. Immediate loading with fixed implantsupported restorations in an edentulous patient with an HIV infection: a case report / G.E. Romanos, E. Goldin, L. Marotta et al. // Implant Dent. – 2014. – Vol. 23. – P. 8–12.Achong R.M. Implants in HIV-positive patients: 3 cases reports / R.M. Achong, K. Shetty, A. Arribas et al. // J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. – 2006. – Vol. 64. – P. 1199–1203.Achong R.M. Implants in HIV-positive patients: 3 cases reports / R.M. Achong, K. Shetty, A. Arribas et al. // J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. – 2006. – Vol. 64. – P. 1199–1203.Kolhatkar S. Immediate dental implant placement in HIV-positive patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: a report of two cases and a review of the literature of implants placed in HIV-positive individuals / S. Kolhatkar, S. Khalid, A. Rolecki et al. // J. Periodontol. – 2011. – Vol. 82. – P. 505–511.Kolhatkar S. Immediate dental implant placement in HIV-positive patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: a report of two cases and a review of the literature of implants placed in HIV-positive individuals / S. Kolhatkar, S. Khalid, A. Rolecki et al. // J. Periodontol. – 2011. – Vol. 82. – P. 505–511.Gay-Escoda C. Longterm outcomes of oral rehabilitation with dental implants in HIV-positive patients: A retrospective case series / C. Gay-Escoda, D. P rez- lvarez, O. Camps-Font // Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal. – 2016. – Vol. 21, N 3. – P. 385–391.Gay-Escoda C. Longterm outcomes of oral rehabilitation with dental implants in HIV-positive patients: A retrospective case series / C. Gay-Escoda, D. Pérez-Álvarez, O. Camps-Font // Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal. – 2016. – Vol. 21, N 3. – P. 385–391.Stevenson G.C. Short-term success of osseointegrated dental implants in HIV-positive individuals: a prospective study / G.C. Stevenson, P.C. Riano, A.J. Moretti et al. // J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. – 2007. – Vol. 8. – P. 1–10.Stevenson G.C. Short-term success of osseointegrated dental implants in HIV-positive individuals: a prospective study / G.C. Stevenson, P.C. Riano, A.J. Moretti et al. // J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. – 2007. – Vol. 8. – P. 1–10.Bornstein M.M. Systemic conditions and treatments as risks for implant therapy / M.M. Bornstein, N. Cionca, A. Mombelli // Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants. – 2009. – Vol. 24. – P. 12–27.Bornstein M.M. Systemic conditions and treatments as risks for implant therapy / M.M. Bornstein, N. Cionca, A. Mombelli // Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants. – 2009. – Vol. 24. – P. 12–27.Oliveira M.A. The success of endosseous implants in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: a pilot study / M.A. Oliveira, M. Gallottini, D. Pallos et al. // J. Am. Dent. Assoc. – 2011. – Vol. 142. – P. 1010–1016.Oliveira M.A. The success of endosseous implants in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: a pilot study / M.A. Oliveira, M. Gallottini, D. Pallos et al. // J. Am. Dent. Assoc. – 2011. – Vol. 142. – P. 1010–1016.Sparaco A. Surgical dental implants in people living with HIV-AIDS / A. Sparaco, M. Ghezzi, G. Donati et al. // Retrovirology. – 2012. – Vol. 9, N 1. – P. 85.Sparaco A. Surgical dental implants in people living with HIV-AIDS / A. Sparaco, M. Ghezzi, G. Donati et al. // Retrovirology. – 2012. – Vol. 9, N 1. – P. 85.Gherlone E.F. Implant Prosthetic Rehabilitation in Controlled HIV-Positive Patients: A Prospective Longitudinal Study with 1-Year Follow-Up / E.F. Gherlone, P. Capparé, S. Tecco et al. // Clin. Implant. Dent. Relat. Res. – 2016. – Vol. 18, N 4. – P. 725–734.Gherlone E.F. Implant Prosthetic Rehabilitation in Controlled HIV-Positive Patients: A Prospective Longitudinal Study with 1-Year Follow-Up / E.F. Gherlone, P. Cappar , S. Tecco et al. // Clin. Implant. Dent. Relat. Res. – 2016. – Vol. 18, N 4. – P. 725–734.Rania V. Long-term Efficacy of Dental Implants in HIVPositive Patients / V. Rania, P. Pellegrino, G. Donati et al. // Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2015. – Vol. 61, N 7. – P. 1208.Rania V. Long-term Efficacy of Dental Implants in HIVPositive Patients / V. Rania, P. Pellegrino, G. Donati et al. // Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2015. – Vol. 61, N 7. – P. 1208.Hwang D. Medical contraindications to implant therapy: part I: absolute contraindications / D. Hwang, H.L. Wang // Implant. Dent. – 2006. – Vol. 15. – P. 353–360.Hwang D. Medical contraindications to implant therapy: part I: absolute contraindications / D. Hwang, H.L. Wang // Implant. Dent. – 2006. – Vol. 15. – P. 353–360.Diz P. Dental implants in the medically compromised patient / P. Diz, C. Scully, M. Sanz // J. Dent. – 2013. – Vol. 41. – P. 195–206.Diz P. Dental implants in the medically compromised patient / P. Diz, C. Scully, M. Sanz // J. Dent. – 2013. – Vol. 41. – P. 195–206.Becker W. Osteoporosis implant failure: an axploratory case-control study / W. Becker, P. Hujoel, B. Becker et al. // Periodontol. – 2000. – Vol. 71, N 4. – Р. 625–631.Becker W. Osteoporosis implant failure: an axploratory case-control study / W. Becker, P. Hujoel, B. Becker et al. // Periodontol. – 2000. – Vol. 71, N 4. – Р. 625–631.Kozlova M.V. Remodeling with atrophy of the alveolar part of the jaw in patients with osteopenic syndrome. Kozlova, A.M. Panin, A.M. Mkrtumyan // Clinical gerontology. - 2008. - T. 14. - № 2. - P. 30-34.Козлова М.В. Ремоделирование при атрофии альвеолярной части челюстей у пациентов с остеопеническим синдромом / М.В. Козлова, А.М. Панин, А.М. Мкртумян // Клиническая геронтология. – 2008. – Т. 14. – № 2. – С. 30–34.Yanushevich O.O. Qualitative assessment of jaw bones in patients with complex anti-osteoporherapeutic therapy / O.O. Janushevich [et al.] // Russian Dentistry. - 2014. - No. 4. - T. 7. - P. 34-40.Янушевич, О.О. Качественная оценка челюстных костей у пациентов при комплексной антиостеопоретической терапии / О.О. Янушевич [и др.] // Российская стоматология. – 2014. – № 4. – Т. 7. – С. 34–40.Dolan S.E. Reduced bone density in HIV-infected women / S.E. Dolan, J.S. Huang, K.M. Killilea et al. // AIDS. – 2004. – Vol. 18, N 3. – P. 475–483.Dolan S.E. Reduced bone density in HIV-infected women / S.E. Dolan, J.S. Huang, K.M. Killilea et al. // AIDS. – 2004. – Vol. 18, N 3. – P. 475–483.Yin M. Bone mass and mineral metabolism in HIV+ postmenopausal women / M. Yin, J. Dobkin, K. Brudney et al. // Osteoporos. Int. – 2005. – Vol. 16, N 11. – P. 1345–1352.Yin M. Bone mass and mineral metabolism in HIV+ postmenopausal women / M. Yin, J. Dobkin, K. Brudney et al. // Osteoporos. Int. – 2005. – Vol. 16, N 11. – P. 1345–1352.Fausto A. Potential predictive factors of osteoporosis in HIV-positive subjects / A. Fausto, M. Bongiovanni, P. Cicconi et al. // Bone. – 2006. – Vol. 38, N 6. – P. 893–897.Fausto A. Potential predictive factors of osteoporosis in HIV-positive subjects / A. Fausto, M. Bongiovanni, P. Cicconi et al. // Bone. – 2006. – Vol. 38, N 6. – P. 893–897.Arnsten J.H. Decreased bone mineral density and increased fracture risk in aging men with or at risk for HIV infection / J.H. Arnsten, R. Freeman, A.A. Howard et al. // AIDS. – 2007. – Vol. 21, N5. – P. 617– 623.Arnsten J.H. Decreased bone mineral density and increased fracture risk in aging men with or at risk for HIV infection / J.H. Arnsten, R. Freeman, A.A. Howard et al. // AIDS. – 2007. – Vol. 21, N5. – P. 617– 623.Jones S. Risk factors for decreased bone density and effects of HIV on bone in the elderly // S. Jones, D. Restrepo, A. Kasowitz et al. // Osteoporos. Int. – 2008. – Vol. 19, N 7. – P. 913–918.Jones S. Risk factors for decreased bone density and effects of HIV on bone in the elderly // S. Jones, D. Restrepo, A. Kasowitz et al. // Osteoporos. Int. – 2008. – Vol. 19, N 7. – P. 913–918.Brown T.T. Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis: a meta-analytic review / T.T. Brown, R.B. Qaqish // AIDS. – 2006. – Vol. 20, N 17. – P. 2165–2174.Brown T.T. Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis: a meta-analytic review / T.T. Brown, R.B. Qaqish // AIDS. – 2006. – Vol. 20, N 17. – P. 2165–2174.Gallant J.E. Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DF vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviralnaive patients: a 3-year randomized trial / J.E. Gallant, S. Staszewski, A.L. Pozniak et al. // JAMA. – 2004. – Vol. 292, N 2. – P. 191–201.Gallant J.E. Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DF vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviralnaive patients: a 3-year randomized trial / J.E. Gallant, S. Staszewski, A.L. Pozniak et al. // JAMA. – 2004. – Vol. 292, N 2. – P. 191–201.Stephensen C.B. Vitamin D status in adolescents and young adults with HIV infection / C.B. Stephensen, G.S. Marquis, L.A. Kruzich et al. // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. – 2006. – Vol. 83, N 5. – P. 1135–1141.Stephensen C.B. Vitamin D status in adolescents and young adults with HIV infection / C.B. Stephensen, G.S. Mar quis, L.A. Kruzich et al. // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. – 2006. – Vol. 83, N 5. – P. 1135–1141.Chew N.S. Osteopenia and osteoporosis in HIV: pathogenesis and treatment / N.S. Chew, P.P. Doran, W.G. Powderly // Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS. – 2007. – Vol. 2, N 4. – P. 318–323.Chew N.S. Osteopenia and osteoporosis in HIV: pathogenesis and treatment / N.S. Chew, P.P. Doran, W.G. Powderly // Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS. – 2007. – Vol. 2, N 4. – P. 318–323.Gilsanz V. Reciprocal relations of subcutaneous and visceral fat to bone structure and strength / V. Gilsanz, J. Chalfant, A.O. Mo et al. // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. – 2009. – Vol. 94, N 9. – P. 3387–3393.Gilsanz V. Reciprocal relations of subcutaneous and visceral fat to bone structure and strength / V. Gilsanz, J. Chalfant, A.O. Mo et al. // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. – 2009. – Vol. 94, N 9. – P. 3387–3393.McComsey G.A. Bone Disease in HIV Infection: A Practical Review and Recommendations for HIV Care Providers / G.A. McComsey, P. Tebas, E. Shane et al. // Clinical Infectious Diseases. – 2010. – Vol. 51, N 8. – P. 937–946.McComsey G.A. Bone Disease in HIV Infection: A Practical Review and Recommendations for HIV Care Providers / G.A. McComsey, P. Tebas, E. Shane et al. // Clinical Infectious Diseases. – 2010. – Vol. 51, N 8. – P. 937–946.Shiau S. Incident fractures in HIVinfected individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis / S. Shiau, E.C. Broun, S.M. Arpadi et al. // AIDS. – 2013. – Vol. 27. – P. 1949–1957.Shiau S. Incident fractures in HIVinfected individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis / S. Shiau, E.C. Broun, S.M. Arpadi et al. // AIDS. – 2013. – Vol. 27. – P. 1949–1957.Triant V.A. Fracture prevalence among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected versus non-HIV-infected patients in a large U.S. healthcare system / V.A. Triant, T.T. Brown, H. Lee et al. // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. – 2008. – Vol. 93. – P. 3499–3504.Triant V.A. Fracture prevalence among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected versus non-HIV-infected patients in a large U.S. healthcare system / V.A. Triant, T.T. Brown, H. Lee et al. // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. – 2008. – Vol. 93. – P. 3499–3504.Womack J.A. Increased risk of fragility fractures among HIV-infected compared to uninfected male veterans / J.A. Womack, J.L. Goulet, C. Gibert et al. // PLoS One. – 2011. – Vol. 6: e17217Womack J.A. Increased risk of fragility fractures among HIV-infected compared to uninfected male veterans / J.A. Womack, J.L. Goulet, C. Gibert et al. // PLoS One. – 2011. – Vol. 6: e17217Young B. Increased rates of bone fracture among HIVinfected persons in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) compared with the US general population, 2000–2006 / B. Young, C.N. Dao, K. Buchacz et al. // Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2011. – Vol. 52. – P. 1061–1068.Young B. Increased rates of bone fracture among HIVinfected persons in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) compared with the US general population, 2000–2006 / B. Young, C.N. Dao, K. Buchacz et al. // Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2011. – Vol. 52. – P. 1061–1068.Bruera D. Decreased bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients is independent of antiretroviral therapy / D. Bruera, N. Luna, D.O. David et al. // AIDS. – 2003. – Vol. 17, N 13. – P. 1917–1923.Bruera D. Decreased bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients is independent of antiretroviral therapy / D. Bruera, N. Luna, D.O. David et al. // AIDS. – 2003. – Vol. 17, N 13. – P. 1917–1923.Iordanishvili, A.K. Reparative osteogenesis: theoretical and applied aspects of the problem / A.K. Iordanishvili, V.G. Gololobov // Parodontology. - 2002. - No. 1. - P. 22-31.Иорданишвили, А.К. Репаративный остеогенез: теоретические и прикладные аспекты проблемы / А.К. Иорданишвили, В.Г. Гололобов // Пародонтология. – 2002. – № 1. – С. 22–31.Traumatology: national leadership / ed. G.P. Kotelnikova, S.P. Mironov. - Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2008. - 808 p. - (Series «National guidelines»).Травматология : национальное руководство / под ред. Г.П. Котельникова, С.П. Миронова. – М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2008. – 808 с. – (Серия «Национальные руководства»).Fakruddin J.M. HIV-1 Vpr enhances production of receptor of activated NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) via potentiation of glucocorticoid receptor activity / J.M. Fakruddin, J. Laurence // Arch. Virol. – 2005. – Vol. 150, N 1. – P. 67–78.Fakruddin J.M. HIV-1 Vpr enhances production of receptor of activated NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) via potentiation of glucocorticoid receptor activity / J.M. Fakruddin, J. Laurence // Arch. Virol. – 2005. – Vol. 150, N 1. – P. 67–78.Cotter E.J. HIV proteins regulate bone marker secretion and transcription factor activity in cultured human osteoblasts with consequent potential implications for osteoblast function and development / E.J. Cotter, A.P. Malizia, N. Chew et al. // AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. – 2007. – Vol. 23. – P. 1521–1530.Cotter E.J. HIV proteins regulate bone marker secretion and transcription factor activity in cultured human osteoblasts with consequent potential implications for osteoblast function and development / E.J. Cotter, A.P. Malizia, N. Chew et al. // AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. – 2007. – Vol. 23. – P. 1521– 1530.Gibellini D. HIV-1 triggers apoptosis in primary osteoblasts and HOBIT cells through TNFalpha activation / D. Gibellini, E. De Crignis, C. Ponti et al. // J. Med. Virol. – 2008. – Vol. 80, N 9. – P. 1507–1514.Gibellini D. HIV-1 triggers apoptosis in primary osteoblasts and HOBIT cells through TNFalpha activation / D. Gibellini, E. De Crignis, C. Ponti et al. // J. Med. Virol. – 2008. – Vol. 80, N 9. – P. 1507–1514.Baqui A.A. Enhanced interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by LPS stimulated human monocytes isolated from HIV+ patients / A.A. Baqui, M.A. Jabra-Rizk, J.I. Kelley et al. // Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. – 2000. – Vol. 22, N 3. – P. 401–421.Baqui A.A. Enhanced interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by LPS stimulated human monocytes isolated from HIV+ patients / A.A. Baqui, M.A. Jabra-Rizk, J.I. Kelley et al. // Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. – 2000. – Vol. 22, N 3. – P. 401–421.Brown T.T. Bone turnover, osteoprotegerin/RANKL and inflammation with antiretroviral initiation: tenofovir versus non-tenofovir regimens / T.T. Brown, A.C. Ross, N. Storer et al. // Antivir. Ther. – 2011. – Vol. 16. – P. 1063–1072.Brown T.T. Bone turnover, osteoprotegerin/RANKL and inflammation with antiretroviral initiation: tenofovir versus non-tenofovir regimens / T.T. Brown, A.C. Ross, N. Storer et al. // Antivir. Ther. – 2011. – Vol. 16. – P. 1063–1072.French M. Plasma levels of cytokines and chemokines and the risk of mortality in HIV-infected individuals: a casecontrol analysis nested in a large clinical trial / M. French, A. Cozzi-Lepri, R. Arduino // AIDS. – 2015. – Vol. 29. – P. 847–851.French M. Plasma levels of cytokines and chemokines and the risk of mortality in HIV-infected individuals: a casecontrol analysis nested in a large clinical trial / M. French, A. Cozzi-Lepri, R. Arduino // AIDS. – 2015. – Vol. 29. – P. 847–851.Simbirtsev AS Immunopathogenesis and prospects of immunomodulatory therapy of HIV infection. Part 1. General questions of immunology and HIV1 / A.S. Simbirtsev // HIV infection and immunosuppression. - 2017. - T. 9. - No. 1. - P. 2.Симбирцев, А.С. Иммунопатогенез и перспективы иммуномодулирующей терапии ВИЧ-инфекции. Часть 1. Общие вопросы иммунологии и ВИЧ1 / А.С. Симбирцев // ВИЧ-инфекция и иммуносупрессии. – 2017. – Т. 9. – № 1. – С. 2.Zhogolev K.D. Regulation of osteogenesis and immunogenesis of reparative processes / K.D. Zhogolev // St. Petersburg .: Med., 2003. - 136 p.Жоголев, К.Д. Регуляция остеогенеза и иммуногенеза репаративных процессов / К.Д. Жоголев // СПб.: Мед., 2003. – 136 с.Park J. Bone regeneration in oritical size defects by cells mediated BMP – 2 gene transfer: a comparison of adenoviral vectors and liposomes / J. Park, J. Ries, K. Gelse et al. // Gene. Ther. – 2003. – Vol. 10. – P. 1089–1098.Park J. Bone regeneration in oritical size defects by cells mediated BMP – 2 gene transfer: a comparison of adenoviral vectors and liposomes / J. Park, J. Ries, K. Gelse et al. // Gene. Ther. – 2003. – Vol. 10. – P. 1089–1098.Kwan T.S. IL-6, RANKL, TNF-alpha/IL-1: interrelations in bone resorption pathophysiology / T.S. Kwan, M. Padrines, S. Theoleyre // Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. – 2004. – Vol. 15. – P. 49–60.Kwan T.S. IL-6, RANKL, TNF-alpha/IL-1: interrelations in bone resorption pathophysiology / T.S. Kwan, M. Padrines, S. Theoleyre // Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. – 2004. – Vol. 15. – P. 49–60.Rodriguez M. High frequency of vitamin D deficiency in ambulatory HIV-Positive patients / M. Rodriguez, B. Daniels, S. Gunawardene et al. // AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. – 2009. – Vol. 25, N 1. – P. 9–14.Rodriguez M. High frequency of vitamin D deficiency in ambulatory HIV-Positive patients / M. Rodriguez, B. Daniels, S. Gunawardene et al. // AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. – 2009. – Vol. 25, N 1. – P. 9–14.Dao C.N. Low vitamin D among HIV-infected adults: prevalence of and risk factors for low vitamin D levels in a cohort of HIV-infected adults and comparison to prevalence among adults in the US general population / C.N. Dao, P. Patel, E.T. Overton et al. // Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2011. – Vol. 52. – P. 396–405.Dao C.N. Low vitamin D among HIV-infected adults: prevalence of and risk factors for low vitamin D levels in a cohort of HIV-infected adults and comparison to prevalence among adults in the US general population / C.N. Dao, P. Patel, E.T. Overton et al. // Clin. Infect. Dis. – 2011. – Vol. 52. – P. 396–405.Childs K.E. Short communication: inadequate vitamin D exacerbates parathyroid hormone elevations in tenofovir users / K.E. Childs, S.L. Fishman, C. Constable et al. // AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. – 2010. – Vol. 26. – P. 855–859.Childs K.E. Short communication: inadequate vitamin D exacerbates parathyroid hormone elevations in tenofovir users / K.E. Childs, S.L. Fishman, C. Constable et al. // AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. – 2010. – Vol. 26. – P. 855–859.Holick M.F. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline / M.F. Holick, N.C. Binkley, H.A. Bischoff-Ferrari et al. // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. – 2011. – Vol. 96, N 7. – Р. 1911–1930.Holick M.F. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline / M.F. Holick, N.C. Binkley, H.A. Bischoff-Ferrari et al. // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. – 2011. – Vol. 96, N 7. – Р. 1911–1930.Schоttker B. Is vitamin D deficiency a cause of increased morbidity and mortality at older age or simply an indicator of poor health? / B. Schоttker, K.U. Saum, L. Perna et al. // Eur. J. Epidemiol. – 2014. – Vol. 29, N 3. – Р. 199–210.Schоttker B. Is vitamin D deficiency a cause of increased morbidity and mortality at older age or simply an indicator of poor health? / B. Schоttker, K.U. Saum, L. Perna et al. // Eur. J. Epidemiol. – 2014. – Vol. 29, N 3. – Р. 199–210.HIV infection / A.G. Rakhmanov [and others]. - St. Petersburg, 2004. - 696 p.ВИЧ-инфекция / А.Г. Рахманова [и др.]. – СПб., 2004. – 696 с.Brown T.T. Loss of bone mineral density after antiretroviral therapy initiation, independent of antiretroviral regimen / T.T. Brown, G.A. McComsey, M.S. King et al. // J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. – 2009. – Vol. 51. – P. 554–561.Brown T.T. Loss of bone mineral density after antiretroviral therapy initiation, independent of antiretroviral regimen / T.T. Brown, G.A. McComsey, M.S. King et al. // J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. – 2009. – Vol. 51. – P. 554–561.Pinto Neto L.F. Low bone mass prevalence, therapy type, and clinical risk factors in an HIV-infected Brazilian population / L.F. Pinto Neto, S. Ragi-Eis, N.F. Vieira et al. // J. Clin. Densitom. – 2011. – Vol. 14, N 4. – Vol. 434–439.Pinto Neto L.F. Low bone mass prevalence, therapy type, and clinical risk factors in an HIV-infected Brazilian population / L.F. Pinto Neto, S. Ragi-Eis, N.F. Vieira et al. // J. Clin. Densitom. – 2011. – Vol. 14, N 4. – Vol. 434–439.Pinto Neto L.F. Low bone mass prevalence, therapy type, and clinical risk factors in an HIV-infected Brazilian population / L.F. Pinto Neto, S. Ragi-Eis, N.F. Vieira et al. // J. Clin. Densitom. – 2011. – Vol. 14, N 4. – Vol. 434–439.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.