<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">jofin</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал инфектологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal Infectology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-6732</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IPO “АIDSSPbR"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22625/2072-6732-2017-9-2-72-79</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">jofin-603</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>СЛУЧАИ НЕЭФФЕКТИВНОЙ АНТИРЕТРОВИРУСНОЙ ТЕРАПИИ ВИЧ-1 У ДЕТЕЙ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cases inefficient antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 in children</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Останкова</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostankova</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной иммунологии,</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shenna1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующий лабораторией вирусологии и иммунологии ВИЧ-инфекции;</p><p>доцент кафедры иммунологии;</p><p>доцент кафедры клинической лабораторной диагностики, к.б.н.,</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexvsemenov@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чурина</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Churina</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач клинической лабораторной диагностики отделения диагностики ВИЧ-инфекции и СПИД-ассоциированных заболеваний, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории иммунологии и вирусологии ВИЧ-инфекции,</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">churina.mari@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тотолян</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Totolian</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующий лабораторией молекулярной иммунологии, директор;</p><p>заведующий кафедрой иммунологии,</p><p>д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН,</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">totolian@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint-Petersburg Science Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Pasteur</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера;&#13;
Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова;&#13;
Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint-Petersburg Science Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Pasteur;&#13;
First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University named after academician I.P. Pavlov;&#13;
North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера;&#13;
Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint-Petersburg Science Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Pasteur;&#13;
First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University named after academician I.P. Pavlov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>06</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>72</fpage><lpage>79</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Останкова Ю.В., Семенов А.В., Чурина М.А., Тотолян А.А., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Останкова Ю.В., Семенов А.В., Чурина М.А., Тотолян А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ostankova Y.V., Semenov A.V., Churina M.A., Totolian A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.niidi.ru/jofin/article/view/603">https://journal.niidi.ru/jofin/article/view/603</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Изучение случаев вирусологической неэффективности АРВТ ВИЧ-1 у детей.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В работе были использованы образцы плазмы крови 6 пациентов с ВИЧ-инфекцией, выявленной в возрасте до 1 года жизни, из Северо-Западного федерального округа Российской Федерации, полученные в 2014–2016 гг. Представленные в группе пациенты были направлены на определение лекарственной устойчивости вируса и коррекции АРВТ в связи с вирусологической неэффективностью лечения. В настоящем исследовании мы применили генотипирование на основе прямого секвенирования участка гена полимеразы (pol) протяженностью 1285 нт, кодирующего ген протеазы (PR) протяженностью 465 нт и участок гена обратной транскриптазы (RT) протяженностью 820 нт.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Во всех случаях был выявлен ВИЧ-1 суб- типа А1, так называемого IDU-A, являющегося наиболее распространенным вариантом ВИЧ-1 в Российской Федерации. Среди полученных изолятов ВИЧ не были выявлены типичные мутации лекарственной устойчивости к НИОТ и ННИОТ. Обнаружены множественные естественные полиморфные варианты на рассматриваемом участке нуклеотидных последовательностей. Так, во всех образцах показаны мутации протеазы M36I, R41K, H69K и L89M, в пяти образцах E35D, в четырех образцах I13V. Единственный среди обследованных нами детей с сочетанным вариантом мутаций гена протеазы L63T + V77I + I93L и гена обратной транскриптазы V35I + K166R, несмотря на проводимую терапию и отсутствие значимых мутаций лекарственной устойчивости, согласно базе данных Стенфордского университета, демонстрировал высокую вирусную нагрузку – 2,03×107 копий/мл. Обсуждается значимость влияния естественных полиморфных вариантов на лекарственную устойчивость вируса.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Показана высокая частота естественных полиморфных вариантов генов протеазы и обратной транскриптазы вируса среди представленных клинических образцов. Количество таких мутаций, по всей видимости, не зависит от количества используемых схем терапии, но обнаруживается некоторая корреляция с приверженностью к лечению. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. Study cases virologic failure ART HIV-1 in children.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The blood plasma samples of 6 patients with HIV infection were used, identified under 1 year of life, from the North-West Federal District of the Russian Federation, received in 2014–2016. Presented in a group of patients were aimed at identifying drug resistance in the virus and correction of ART due to virological failure. In the present study we used genotyping by direct sequencing of the site of the polymerase gene (pol) length of 1285 nt., The gene encoding the protease (PR) length of 465 nt. and a portion of the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene length of 820 nt.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In all cases, I was diagnosed with HIV-1 subtype A1, the so-called IDU-A, which is the most common form of HIV-1 in the Russian Federation. Among the obtained isolates of HIV have been identified typical drug resistance mutations to NRTI and NNRTI. Detected multiple natural polymorphic variants from the land of the nucleotide sequences. Thus, all samples show protease mutation M36I, R41K, H69K, and L89M, five samples E35D, four samples I13V. Only one among the surveyed our children with combined variant protease gene mutations L63T + V77I + I93L and reverse transcriptase gene V35I + K166R, despite ongoing therapy and absence of significant drug resistance mutations, according to Stanford University-based data showed high viral load – 2.03×107 copies/ml. The importance of the influence of natural polymorphisms in the drug resistance of the virus is discussed.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The high frequency of natural polymorphic variants of the protease and reverse transcriptase genes of the virus in clinical samples submitted. The number of such mutations, apparently does not depend on the number of treatment regimens, but found some correlation with adherence to treatment.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ВИЧ</kwd><kwd>молекулярная эпидемиология</kwd><kwd>ген pol</kwd><kwd>протеаза</kwd><kwd>обратная транскриптаза</kwd><kwd>антиретровирусная терапия</kwd><kwd>резистентность</kwd><kwd>естественные полиморфные варианты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>HIV</kwd><kwd>molecular epidemiology</kwd><kwd>gene pol</kwd><kwd>protease</kwd><kwd>reverse transcriptase</kwd><kwd>antiretroviral therapy</kwd><kwd>resistance</kwd><kwd>natural polymorphisms</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS., United Nations. Global Report: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS epidemic: 2012. Geneva: UNAIDS; с 2012. 212 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS., United Nations. Global Report: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS epidemic: 2012. Geneva: UNAIDS; с 2012. 212 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-методический центр по профилактике и борьбе со СПИДом ФБУН ЦНИИ Эпидемиологии Роспотребнадзора, Справка «ВИЧ-инфекция в Российской Федерации на 31 декабря 2015 г. По данным, предоставленным территориальными центрами по профилактике и борьбе со СПИД». 2015 г.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Federal Scientific and Methodological Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS FBUN Central Research Institute of Epidemiology. Reference «HIV infection in the Russian Federation on December 31, 2015. According to data provided by the regional centers for prevention and control of AIDS». 2015 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хоффман, К. Лечение ВИЧ-инфекции 2009 / К. Хоффман, Ю.К. Рокштро. – М.: Р.Валент, 2010. – 648 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoffmann C., Rockstroh J.K. HIV Treatment 2009. R.Valent. Moscow; 2010 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS., United Nations. Global Report: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS epidemic: 2013. Geneva: UNAIDS; с 2013. 198 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS., United Nations. Global Report: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS epidemic: 2013. Geneva: UNAIDS; с 2013. 198 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goosby E. The President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief: marshalling all tools at our disposal toward an AIDS-free generation. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012 Jul; 31(7):1593-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goosby E. The President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief: marshalling all tools at our disposal toward an AIDS-free generation. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012 Jul; 31(7):1593-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zeng H, Chow EP, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Tang M, Li L, Tang X, Liu X, Zhong Y, Wang A, Lo YR, Zhang L. Prevention of motherto-child HIV transmission cascade in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2016 Mar; 92(2):116-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zeng H, Chow EP, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Tang M, Li L, Tang X, Liu X, Zhong Y, Wang A, Lo YR, Zhang L. Prevention of motherto-child HIV transmission cascade in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2016 Mar; 92(2):116-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UNICEF. Progress for Children: Beyond Averages – Learning from the MDGs (No. 11). 2015 June; 68 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UNICEF. Progress for Children: Beyond Averages – Learning from the MDGs (No. 11). 2015 June; 68 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) World leaders adopt Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved 2015 Sep.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) World leaders adopt Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved 2015 Sep.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Об утверждении инструкции по профилактике передачи ВИЧ инфекции от матери ребенку и образца информированного согласия на проведение химиопрофилактики ВИЧ: Приказ МЗ РФ от 19.12.2003 г. №606. – 126 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">On approval of the instruction on the prevention of HIV transmission from mother to child and sample informed consent for HIV chemoprophylaxis: Order of the RF Ministry of Health from 19.12.2003. №606. P. 126 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prendergast AJ, Klenerman P, Goulder PJ. The impact of differential antiviral immunity in children and adults. Nat Rev Immunol. 2012 Sep; 12(9):636-48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prendergast AJ, Klenerman P, Goulder PJ. The impact of differential antiviral immunity in children and adults. Nat Rev Immunol. 2012 Sep; 12(9):636-48.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Newell ML, Coovadia H, Cortina-Borja M, Rollins N, Gaillard P, Dabis F; Ghent International AIDS Society (IAS) Working Group on HIV Infection in Women and Children. Mortality of infected and uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers in Africa: a pooled analysis. Lancet. 2004 Oct; 364(9441):1236-43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Newell ML, Coovadia H, Cortina-Borja M, Rollins N, Gaillard P, Dabis F; Ghent International AIDS Society (IAS) Working Group on HIV Infection in Women and Children. Mortality of infected and uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers in Africa: a pooled analysis. Lancet. 2004 Oct; 364(9441):1236-43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tobin NH, Aldrovandi GM. Immunology of pediatric HIV infection. Immunol Rev. 2013 Jul; 254(1):143-69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tobin NH, Aldrovandi GM. Immunology of pediatric HIV infection. Immunol Rev. 2013 Jul; 254(1):143-69.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lowenthal ED, Bakeera-Kitaka S, Marukutira T, Chapman J, Goldrath K, Ferrand RA. Perinatally acquired HIV infection in adolescents from sub-Saharan Africa: a review of emerging challenges. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014 Jul;14(7):627-39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lowenthal ED, Bakeera-Kitaka S, Marukutira T, Chapman J, Goldrath K, Ferrand RA. Perinatally acquired HIV infection in adolescents from sub-Saharan Africa: a review of emerging challenges. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014 Jul;14(7):627-39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lederman MM, Calabrese L, Funderburg NT, Clagett B, Medvik K, Bonilla H, Gripshover B, Salata RA, Taege A, Lisgaris M, McComsey GA, Kirchner E, Baum J, Shive C, Asaad R, Kalayjian RC, Sieg SF, Rodriguez B. Immunologic failure despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy is related to activation and turnover of memory CD4 cells. J. Infect. Dis. 2011 Oct; 204(8):1217-26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lederman MM, Calabrese L, Funderburg NT, Clagett B, Medvik K, Bonilla H, Gripshover B, Salata RA, Taege A, Lisgaris M, McComsey GA, Kirchner E, Baum J, Shive C, Asaad R, Kalayjian RC, Sieg SF, Rodriguez B. Immunologic failure despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy is related to activation and turnover of memory CD4 cells. J. Infect. Dis. 2011 Oct; 204(8):1217-26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosenblatt HM, Stanley KE, Song LY, Johnson GM, Wiznia AA, Nachman SA, Krogstad PA; Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 377 Study Team. Immunological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in children with clinically stable HIV-1 infection. J. Infect. Dis. 2005 Aug; 192(3):445-55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosenblatt HM, Stanley KE, Song LY, Johnson GM, Wiznia AA, Nachman SA, Krogstad PA; Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 377 Study Team. Immunological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in children with clinically stable HIV-1 infection. J. Infect. Dis. 2005 Aug; 192(3):445-55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research. Male involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Geneva: World Health Organization; c 2012. 30 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research. Male involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Geneva: World Health Organization; c 2012. 30 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cecchini DM, Zapiola I, Fernandez Giuliano S, Martinez MG, Rodriguez CG, Bouzas MB. Etravirine resistance mutations in HIV-infected pregnant women. HIV Med. 2013 Feb;14(2):125-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cecchini DM, Zapiola I, Fernandez Giuliano S, Martinez MG, Rodriguez CG, Bouzas MB. Etravirine resistance mutations in HIV-infected pregnant women. HIV Med. 2013 Feb;14(2):125-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Nov; 22(22):4673-80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Nov; 22(22):4673-80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Update: vaccine side effects, adverse reactions, contraindications, and precautions. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 1996 Sep; 45(RR-12):1-35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Update: vaccine side effects, adverse reactions, contraindications, and precautions. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 1996 Sep; 45(RR-12):1-35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paraskevis D, Magiorkinis E, Magiorkinis G, Sypsa V, Paparizos V, Lazanas M, Gargalianos P, Antoniadou A, Panos G, Chrysos G, Sambatakou H, Karafoulidou A, Skoutelis A, Kordossis T, Koratzanis G, Theodoridou M, Daikos GL, Nikolopoulos G, Pybus OG, Hatzakis A; Multicentre Study on HIV Heterogeneity. Increasing prevalence of HIV-1 subtype A in Greece: estimating epidemic history and origin. J Infect Dis. 2007 Oct; 196(8):1167-76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paraskevis D, Magiorkinis E, Magiorkinis G, Sypsa V, Paparizos V, Lazanas M, Gargalianos P, Antoniadou A, Panos G, Chrysos G, Sambatakou H, Karafoulidou A, Skoutelis A, Kordossis T, Koratzanis G, Theodoridou M, Daikos GL, Nikolopoulos G, Pybus OG, Hatzakis A; Multicentre Study on HIV Heterogeneity. Increasing prevalence of HIV-1 subtype A in Greece: estimating epidemic history and origin. J Infect Dis. 2007 Oct; 196(8):1167-76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manosuthi W, Thongyen S, Nilkamhang S, Manosuthi S, Sungkanuparph S. HIV-1 drug resistance-associated mutations among antiretroviral-naive Thai patients with chronic HIV-1 infection. J Med Virol. 2013; 85(2):194-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manosuthi W, Thongyen S, Nilkamhang S, Manosuthi S, Sungkanuparph S. HIV-1 drug resistance-associated mutations among antiretroviral-naive Thai patients with chronic HIV-1 infection. J Med Virol. 2013; 85(2):194-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sungkanuparph S, Sukasem C, Manosuthi W, Wiboonchutikul S, Piyavong B, Chantratita W. Tipranavir resistance associated mutations in protease inhibitor-na ve patients with HIV-1 subtype A/E infection. J Clin Virol. 2008 Nov; 43(3):284-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sungkanuparph S, Sukasem C, Manosuthi W, Wiboonchutikul S, Piyavong B, Chantratita W. Tipranavir resistance associated mutations in protease inhibitor-na ve patients with HIV-1 subtype A/E infection. J Clin Virol. 2008 Nov; 43(3):284-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davanos N, Panos G, Gogos CA, Mouzaki A. HIV-1 subtype characteristics of infected persons living in southwestern Greece. HIV AIDS (Auckl). 2015 Dec; 7:277-83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davanos N, Panos G, Gogos CA, Mouzaki A. HIV-1 subtype characteristics of infected persons living in southwestern Greece. HIV AIDS (Auckl). 2015 Dec; 7:277-83.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sutherland KA, Mbisa JL, Cane PA, Pillay D, Parry CM. Contribution of Gag and protease to variation in susceptibility to protease inhibitors between different strains of subtype B human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Gen Virol. 2014 Jan; 95(Pt 1):190-200.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sutherland KA, Mbisa JL, Cane PA, Pillay D, Parry CM. Contribution of Gag and protease to variation in susceptibility to protease inhibitors between different strains of subtype B human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Gen Virol. 2014 Jan; 95(Pt 1):190-200.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alteri C, Artese A, Beheydt G, Santoro MM, Costa G, Parrotta L, Bertoli A, Gori C, Orchi N, Girardi E, Antinori A, Alcaro S, d’Arminio Monforte A, Theys K, Vandamme AM, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Svicher V, Perno CF. Structural modifications induced by specific HIV-1 protease-compensatory mutations have an impact on the virological response to a firstline lopinavir/ritonavir-containing regimen. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013 Oct; 68(10):2205-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alteri C, Artese A, Beheydt G, Santoro MM, Costa G, Parrotta L, Bertoli A, Gori C, Orchi N, Girardi E, Antinori A, Alcaro S, d’Arminio Monforte A, Theys K, Vandamme AM, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Svicher V, Perno CF. Structural modifications induced by specific HIV-1 protease-compensatory mutations have an impact on the virological response to a firstline lopinavir/ritonavir-containing regimen. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013 Oct; 68(10):2205-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson VA, Brun-V zinet F, Clotet B, G nthard HF, Kuritzkes DR, Pillay D, Schapiro JM, Richman DD. Update of the drug resistance mutations in HIV-1: December 2010. Top HIV Med. 2010 Dec; 18(5):156-63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnson VA, Brun-V zinet F, Clotet B, G nthard HF, Kuritzkes DR, Pillay D, Schapiro JM, Richman DD. Update of the drug resistance mutations in HIV-1: December 2010. Top HIV Med. 2010 Dec; 18(5):156-63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Казеннова, Е.В. Проблемы субтипирования ВИЧ-1 на основе анализа гена pol и способы их разрешения / Е.В. Казеннова, И.А. Лаповок, А.В. Васильев // ВИЧ-инфекция и иммуносупрессии. – 2010. – Т. 2. № 3. – С. 42–48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazennova E.V. HIV and immunosuppression. 2010; 2 (3): 42-8 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turriziani O, Russo G, Lichtner M, Stano A, Tsague G, Maida P, Vullo V, Antonelli G. Study of the genotypic resistant pattern in HIV-infected women and children from rural west Cameroon. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008 Jun; 24(6):781-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turriziani O, Russo G, Lichtner M, Stano A, Tsague G, Maida P, Vullo V, Antonelli G. Study of the genotypic resistant pattern in HIV-infected women and children from rural west Cameroon. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008 Jun; 24(6):781-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Казеннова, Е.В. Естественные полиморфизмы гена pol варианта ВИЧ-1 IDU-A / Е.В. Казеннова, И.А. Лаповок, В.Ю. Лага // ВИЧ-инфекция и иммуносупрессии. – 2012. – Т. 4. № 4. – С. 44–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazennova E.V. HIV and immunosuppression. 2012; 4(4): 44-51 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Суханова, A.Л. Полиморфизм области генома, кодирующей протеазу и обратную транскриптазу, вариантов ВИЧ-1 подтипа А, распространенных на территории СНГ / A.Л. Суханова, Н.И. Рудинский, Е.В. Богословская // Молекул. биол. – 2005. – Т. 39, № 6. – С. 1063–1071.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sukhanova A.L. Molecular Biology. 2005; 39(6):1063-71 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
