<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">jofin</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал инфектологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal Infectology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-6732</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IPO “АIDSSPbR"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22625/2072-6732-2011-3-4-34-43</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">jofin-58</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ПРОБЛЕМА РЕЗИСТЕНТНОСТИ TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS К АНТИПРОТОЗОЙНЫМ ПРЕПАРАТАМ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The problem of resistant Trichomonas vaginalis to antiprotozoal drugs</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Позняк</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Poznyak</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры инфекционных болезней Санкт-Петербургской медицинской академии последипломного образования; 8(921) 937-93-89</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sergei_sidorchuk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор кафедры инфекционных болезней (с курсом медицинской паразитологии и тропических заболеваний) Военно-медицинской академии доктор медицинских наук; 8(812)542-60-03</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">infectology@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гудков</surname><given-names>Р. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gudkov</surname><given-names>R. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>адъюнкт кафедры инфекционных болезней (с курсом медицинской паразитологии и тропических заболеваний) Военно-медицинской академии; +7906-2631913</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gudkoff@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захаркив</surname><given-names>Ю. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaharkiv</surname><given-names>Yu. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры биологии Военно-медицинской академии кандидат медицинских наук; +79213736777</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gudkoff@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сидорчук</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sidorchuk</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, старший преподаватель кафедры инфекционных болезней Военно-медицинской академии им. С.М. Кирова, 8(901) 300-23-62</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sergei_sidorchuk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Молчанов</surname><given-names>О. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Molchanov</surname><given-names>O. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник НИЛ репродуктологии кафедры акушерства и гинекологии Военно-медицинской академии доктор медицинских наук; +7911-2163047</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">moleg700@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова, Санкт-Петербург Санкт-Петербургская медицинская академия последипломного образования, Санкт-Петербург</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St-Petersburg Medical Academy of Postgradu ate Studies, Saint-Petersburg</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова, Санкт-Петербург Санкт-Петербургская медицинская академия последипломного образования, Санкт-Петербург</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Military Medical Academy by S.М. Kirov, Saint-Petersburg</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>09</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>34</fpage><lpage>43</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Позняк А.Л., Козлов С.С., Гудков Р.В., Захаркив Ю.Ф., Сидорчук С.Н., Молчанов О.Л., 2014</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Позняк А.Л., Козлов С.С., Гудков Р.В., Захаркив Ю.Ф., Сидорчук С.Н., Молчанов О.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Poznyak A.L., Kozlov S.S., Gudkov R.V., Zaharkiv Y.F., Sidorchuk S.N., Molchanov O.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.niidi.ru/jofin/article/view/58">https://journal.niidi.ru/jofin/article/view/58</self-uri><abstract><p>В обзоре представлены современные данные о энергетическом метаболизме Trichomonas vaginalis и путях активации метронидазола. Чувствительность микроорганизмов к 5-нитроимидазолам обеспечивается присутствием у них ферментных систем, генерирующих и транспортирующих электроны, которые впоследствии могут передать их на нитрогруппу препарата. У T.vaginalis таковыми являются пируватферредоксин-оксиредуктаза, тиоредоксин-редуктаза и флавин-редуктаза. Проанализированы аэробные, анаэробные и альтернативные механизмы развития резистентности у T.vaginalis к 5-нитроимидазолам. Развитие устойчивости T. vaginalis к препаратам группы метронидазола – многоступенчатый процесс, основанный на постепенном снижении (вплоть до утраты) активности гидрогеносомальных ферментов и/или нарушением метаболических флавин-зависимых путей.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review presents recent data on the energy metabolism of Trichomonas vaginalis and ways the activation of metronidazole. The sensitivity of microorganisms to the 5-nitroimidazole by the presence of their enzyme systems, generating and transporting electrons, which can then transfer them to the nitro group of the drug. In T.vaginalis these are pyruvate ferredoxin-oxydoreductase, thioredoxin reductase and flavin reductase. The development of resistance T.vaginalis to metronidazole preparations of this multistep process, based on the gradual reduction (up to a loss) activity hydrogenosomal enzymes and / or violation of the flavindependent metabolic pathways.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Trichomonas vaginalis</kwd><kwd>резистентность</kwd><kwd>гидрогеносомы</kwd><kwd>метронидазол</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Trichomonas vaginalis</kwd><kwd>resistance</kwd><kwd>hydrogenosomes</kwd><kwd>metronidazole</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lossick J. G. In vitro drug susceptibility and doses of metronidazole required for cure in cases of refractoryvaginal trichomoniasis / J.G. Lossick, M. Muller, T. E. Gorrell // J.Infect.Dis. – 1986. – Vol. 153, № 5. – Р. 948–955.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lossick J. G. In vitro drug susceptibility and doses of metronidazole required for cure in cases of refractoryvaginal trichomoniasis / J.G. Lossick, M. Muller, T. E. Gorrell // J.Infect.Dis. – 1986. – Vol. 153, № 5. – Р. 948–955.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lossick J. G. Trichomoniasis: trends in diagnosis and management / J.G. Lossick, H.L. Kent // Am.J.Obstet. Gynecol. – 1991. – Vol.165, №5. – Р. 1217–1222.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lossick J. G. Trichomoniasis: trends in diagnosis and management / J.G. Lossick, H.L. Kent // Am.J.Obstet. Gynecol. – 1991. – Vol.165, №5. – Р. 1217–1222.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pereyra A. J. Flunidazole – a new drug for systemic treatment of urogenital trichomoniasis / A.J. Pereyra, R.M. Nelson, D.J. Ludders // Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. – 1972. – Vol. 112. – Р. 963–966.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pereyra A. J. Flunidazole – a new drug for systemic treatment of urogenital trichomoniasis / A.J. Pereyra, R.M. Nelson, D.J. Ludders // Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. – 1972. – Vol. 112. – Р. 963–966.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Debbia E.A. In vitro activity of metronidazole alone and in combination with clotrimazole against clinical isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis. / E.A. Debbia, U. Campora, S. Massaro et al. // J. Chemother. – 1996. Vol. 8, № 2. – P. 96–101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Debbia E.A. In vitro activity of metronidazole alone and in combination with clotrimazole against clinical isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis. / E.A. Debbia, U. Campora, S. Massaro et al. // J. Chemother. – 1996. Vol. 8, № 2. – P. 96–101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Du Bouchet L. Multicenter comparison of clotrimazole vaginal tablets, oral metronidazole, and vaginal suppositories containing sulfanilamide, aminacrine hydrochloride, and allantoin in the treatment of symptomatic trichomoniasis /L. Du Bouchet, M.R. Spence, M.F. Rein et al. // Sex. Transm. Dis. – 1997. – Vol. 24, №3.– P.156–160.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Du Bouchet L. Multicenter comparison of clotrimazole vaginal tablets, oral metronidazole, and vaginal suppositories containing sulfanilamide, aminacrine hydrochloride, and allantoin in the treatment of symptomatic trichomoniasis /L. Du Bouchet, M.R. Spence, M.F. Rein et al. // Sex. Transm. Dis. – 1997. – Vol. 24, №3.– P.156–160.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cosar C. Activity of 1-(29-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (8823 RP) against experimental Trichomonas vaginalis infection / C. Cosar, L. Julou // Ann. Inst. Pasteur. – 1959. – An.96 – P. 238–241.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cosar C. Activity of 1-(29-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (8823 RP) against experimental Trichomonas vaginalis infection / C. Cosar, L. Julou // Ann. Inst. Pasteur. – 1959. – An.96 – P. 238–241.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaudhuri P. A double-blind controlled clinical trial of carnidazole and tinidazole in the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis / P. Chaudhuri, A.C. Drogendijk // Eur.J.Obstet. Gynecol. – 1980. – Vol. 10, № 5. – P. 325–328.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaudhuri P. A double-blind controlled clinical trial of carnidazole and tinidazole in the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis / P. Chaudhuri, A.C. Drogendijk // Eur.J.Obstet. Gynecol. – 1980. – Vol. 10, № 5. – P. 325–328.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fugere P. Single oral dose of ornidazole in women with vaginal trichomoniasis / P. Fugere, G. Verschelden, M. Caron //Obstet. Gynecol.- 1983. – Vol. 62, №4. – P. 502–505.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fugere P. Single oral dose of ornidazole in women with vaginal trichomoniasis / P. Fugere, G. Verschelden, M. Caron //Obstet. Gynecol.- 1983. – Vol. 62, №4. – P. 502–505.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayward M.J. Two-day treatment of trichomoniasis in the female. Comparison of metronidazole and nimorazole /M.J. Hayward, R.B. Roy // Br.J.Vener.Dis. – 1976. – Vol. 52, № 1. – P. 63–64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayward M.J. Two-day treatment of trichomoniasis in the female. Comparison of metronidazole and nimorazole /M.J. Hayward, R.B. Roy // Br.J.Vener.Dis. – 1976. – Vol. 52, № 1. – P. 63–64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pereyra A.J. Flunidazole—a new drug for systemic treatment of urogenital trichomoniasis / A.J. Pereyra, R.M. Nelson, D.J. Ludders // Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. – 1972. – Vol. 112, № 7. – P. 963–966.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pereyra A.J. Flunidazole—a new drug for systemic treatment of urogenital trichomoniasis / A.J. Pereyra, R.M. Nelson, D.J. Ludders // Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. – 1972. – Vol. 112, № 7. – P. 963–966.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sucharit P. In vivo and in vitro studies of tinidazole in Trichomonas vaginalis infection / P. Sucharit, A. Uthaischant, T. Chintana // S.E.Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. – 1979. – Vol. 10, №4. – P. 556–561.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sucharit P. In vivo and in vitro studies of tinidazole in Trichomonas vaginalis infection / P. Sucharit, A. Uthaischant, T. Chintana // S.E.Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. – 1979. – Vol. 10, №4. – P. 556–561.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Videau D. Secnidazole. A 5-nitroimidazole derivative with a long half-life / D. Videau, G. Niel, A. Siboulet // Br.J.Vener. Dis. – 1978. – Vol. 54, № 2. – P. 77–80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Videau D. Secnidazole. A 5-nitroimidazole derivative with a long half-life / D. Videau, G. Niel, A. Siboulet // Br.J.Vener. Dis. – 1978. – Vol. 54, № 2. – P. 77–80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Freeman C.D. Metronidazole. A therapeutic review and update / C. D. Freeman, N.E. Klutman, K.C. Lamp // Drugs. – 1997. – Vol. 54, № 5. – P. 679–708.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Freeman C.D. Metronidazole. A therapeutic review and update / C. D. Freeman, N.E. Klutman, K.C. Lamp // Drugs. – 1997. – Vol. 54, № 5. – P. 679–708.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ravdin J.I. Amebiasis. State-of-the-art clinical article /Ravdin J.I. // Clin.Infect.Dis. – 1995. – Vol. 20. – P. 1453–1464.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ravdin J.I. Amebiasis. State-of-the-art clinical article /Ravdin J.I. // Clin.Infect.Dis. – 1995. – Vol. 20. – P. 1453–1464.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zaat J.O. A systematic review on the treatment of giardiasis / J.O. Zaat, T.G. Mank, W.J. Assendelft // Trop.Med. Int.Health. – 1997. – Vol. 2, № 1. – P. 63–82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaat J.O. A systematic review on the treatment of giardiasis / J.O. Zaat, T.G. Mank, W.J. Assendelft // Trop.Med. Int.Health. – 1997. – Vol. 2, № 1. – P. 63–82.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shinn D.L. Metronidazole in acute ulcerative gingivitis /Shinn D.L. // Lancet. – 1962. – №1. – P. 1191.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shinn D.L. Metronidazole in acute ulcerative gingivitis /Shinn D.L. // Lancet. – 1962. – №1. – P. 1191.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lau A.H. Clinical pharmokinetics of metronidazole and other nitroimidazole antiinfectives / A.H. Lau, N.P. Lam, S.C. Piscitelli // Clin. Pharmacokinet.- 1992. – Vol. 23, № 5. – P. 328–364.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lau A.H. Clinical pharmokinetics of metronidazole and other nitroimidazole antiinfectives / A.H. Lau, N.P. Lam, S.C. Piscitelli // Clin. Pharmacokinet.- 1992. – Vol. 23, № 5. – P. 328–364.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Падейская Е.Н. Препараты группы 5-нитроимидазола для лечения анаэробных и протозойных инфекций /Е.Н. Падейская Е.Н. // Инфекции и антимикробная терапия. – 2000. – Т. 2, № 4. – С. 4–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Падейская Е.Н. Препараты группы 5-нитроимидазола для лечения анаэробных и протозойных инфекций /Е.Н. Падейская Е.Н. // Инфекции и антимикробная терапия. – 2000. – Т. 2, № 4. – С. 4–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mertens M. Presence of a fructose-2,6-bisphosphateinsensitive pyrophosphate: fructose-6-phosphate phos photransferase in the anaerobic protozoa Tritrichomonas foetus, Trichomonas vaginalis and Isotricha prostoma / M. Mertens, E.Van Schaftingen, M. Muller // Mol.Biochem.Parasitol. – 1989. – Vol. 37, № 2. – P. 183–190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mertens M. Presence of a fructose-2,6-bisphosphateinsensitive pyrophosphate: fructose-6-phosphate phos photransferase in the anaerobic protozoa Tritrichomonas foetus, Trichomonas vaginalis and Isotricha prostoma / M. Mertens, E.Van Schaftingen, M. Muller // Mol.Biochem.Parasitol. – 1989. – Vol. 37, № 2. – P. 183–190.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hrdý I. Identification, purification and separation of different isozymes of NADP-specific malic enzyme from Tritrichomonas foetus / I. Hrdý, E. Mertensa, E. Van Schaftingen // Mol.Biochem.Parasitol. – 1993. – Vol. 57, №2. – P. 253–260.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hrdý I. Identification, purification and separation of different isozymes of NADP-specific malic enzyme from Tritrichomonas foetus / I. Hrdý, E. Mertensa, E. Van Schaftingen // Mol.Biochem.Parasitol. – 1993. – Vol. 57, №2. – P. 253–260.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drmota T. Iron-ascorbate cleavable malic enzyme from hydrogenosomes of Trichomonas vaginalis: purification and characterization / T. Drmota, P. Proost, M. Van Ranst // J. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. – 1996. – Vol. 83, № 2. – P. 221–234.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drmota T. Iron-ascorbate cleavable malic enzyme from hydrogenosomes of Trichomonas vaginalis: purification and characterization / T. Drmota, P. Proost, M. Van Ranst // J. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. – 1996. – Vol. 83, № 2. – P. 221–234.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steinbüchel A. Anaerobic pyruvate metabolism of Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonas vaginalis</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steinbüchel A. Anaerobic pyruvate metabolism of Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonas vaginalis</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">hydrogenosomes / A. Steinbüchel, M. Müller // Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. – 1986. – Vol. 20, № 1. – P. 57–65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">hydrogenosomes / A. Steinbüchel, M. Müller // Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. – 1986. – Vol. 20, № 1. – P. 57–65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams K. Purification and characterization of pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the anaerobic protozoon Trichomonas vaginalis / K. Williams, P.N. Lowe, P.F. Leadlay // J. Biochem. – 1987. – Vol. 246, № 2. – P. 529–536.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams K. Purification and characterization of pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the anaerobic protozoon Trichomonas vaginalis / K. Williams, P.N. Lowe, P.F. Leadlay // J. Biochem. – 1987. – Vol. 246, № 2. – P. 529–536.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hrdy I. Primary structure and eubacterial relationships of the pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase of the amitochondrial eukaryote Trichomonas vaginalis / I. Hrdy, M. Muller // J. Mol. Evol. – 1995. – Vol. 41, № 3. – P. 388–396.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hrdy I. Primary structure and eubacterial relationships of the pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase of the amitochondrial eukaryote Trichomonas vaginalis / I. Hrdy, M. Muller // J. Mol. Evol. – 1995. – Vol. 41, № 3. – P. 388–396.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jenkins T.M. Hydrogenosomal succinate thiokinase in Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonas vaginalis / T.M. Jenkins, T.E. Gorrell, M. Muller // Biochem.Biophys.Res. Commun. – 1991. – Vol. 179, № 2. – P. 892–896.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jenkins T.M. Hydrogenosomal succinate thiokinase in Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonas vaginalis / T.M. Jenkins, T.E. Gorrell, M. Muller // Biochem.Biophys.Res. Commun. – 1991. – Vol. 179, № 2. – P. 892–896.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lathi C.J. Molecular characterization of the a-subunit of Trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosomal succinyl CoA synthetase / C.J. Lathi, P. Bradley, P.J. Johnson // Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. – 1994. – Vol. 66. – P. 309–318.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lathi C.J. Molecular characterization of the a-subunit of Trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosomal succinyl CoA synthetase / C.J. Lathi, P. Bradley, P.J. Johnson // Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. – 1994. – Vol. 66. – P. 309–318.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marczak R. Hydrogenosomal ferredoxin of the anaerobic protozoon Tritrichomonas foetus / R. Marczak, T.E. Gorrell, M. Muller // J. Biol. Chem. – 1983. – Vol. 258, № 20. – P. 12427–12433.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marczak R. Hydrogenosomal ferredoxin of the anaerobic protozoon Tritrichomonas foetus / R. Marczak, T.E. Gorrell, M. Muller // J. Biol. Chem. – 1983. – Vol. 258, № 20. – P. 12427–12433.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson P.J. Molecular analysis of the hydrogenosomal ferredoxin of the anaerobic protist Trichomonas vaginalis / P.J. Johnson, C.E. Oliveira, T.H. Gorrell // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA. – 1990. – Vol. 87, №16. – P. 6097–6101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnson P.J. Molecular analysis of the hydrogenosomal ferredoxin of the anaerobic protist Trichomonas vaginalis / P.J. Johnson, C.E. Oliveira, T.H. Gorrell // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA. – 1990. – Vol. 87, №16. – P. 6097–6101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ings, R.M. The mode of action of metronidazole in Trichomonas vaginalis and other microorganisms / R.M. Ings, J.A. McFadzean, W.E. Ormerod // Biochem.Pharmacol. – 1974. – Vol. 23. – P. 1421–1429.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ings, R.M. The mode of action of metronidazole in Trichomonas vaginalis and other microorganisms / R.M. Ings, J.A. McFadzean, W.E. Ormerod // Biochem.Pharmacol. – 1974. – Vol. 23. – P. 1421–1429.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muller M. Energy metabolism of ancestral eukaryotes: a hypothesis based on the biochemistry of amitochondriate parasitic protists / M. Muller // Chin.Med.J. – 1992. – Vol. 28, №1–3. – P. 33–40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muller M. Energy metabolism of ancestral eukaryotes: a hypothesis based on the biochemistry of amitochondriate parasitic protists / M. Muller // Chin.Med.J. – 1992. – Vol. 28, №1–3. – P. 33–40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tocher J.H. Electrochemical characteristics of nitroheterocyclic compounds of biological interest. IV. Lifetime of the metronidazole radical anion / J.H. Tocher, D.I. Edwards // Free Radical Research Communications. – 1989. – Vol. 6. – P. 39–45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tocher J.H. Electrochemical characteristics of nitroheterocyclic compounds of biological interest. IV. Lifetime of the metronidazole radical anion / J.H. Tocher, D.I. Edwards // Free Radical Research Communications. – 1989. – Vol. 6. – P. 39–45.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rowley D.A. The relationship between misonidazole cytotoxicity and base composition of DNA / D.A. Rowley, R.C. Knight, I.M. Skolimowski // Biochem.Pharmacol. – 1980. – Vol. 29, № 15. – P. 2095–2099.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rowley D.A. The relationship between misonidazole cytotoxicity and base composition of DNA / D.A. Rowley, R.C. Knight, I.M. Skolimowski // Biochem.Pharmacol. – 1980. – Vol. 29, № 15. – P. 2095–2099.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knox R.J. Misonidazole-induced thymine release from DNA / R.J. Knox, R.C. Knight, D.I. Edwards // Biochem. Pharmacol. – 1981. – Vol. 30, №14. – P. 1925–1929.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knox R.J. Misonidazole-induced thymine release from DNA / R.J. Knox, R.C. Knight, D.I. Edwards // Biochem. Pharmacol. – 1981. – Vol. 30, №14. – P. 1925–1929.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jennison R.F. Laboratory studies with the systemic trichomonacide, metronidazole / R.F. Jennison, P. Stenton, L. Watt // J. Clin. Pathol. – 1961. – Vol. 14. – P. 431–435.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jennison R.F. Laboratory studies with the systemic trichomonacide, metronidazole / R.F. Jennison, P. Stenton, L. Watt // J. Clin. Pathol. – 1961. – Vol. 14. – P. 431–435.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Csonka G.W. Trichomonal vaginitis treated with one dose of Metronidazole / G.W. Csonka // Brit. J. Vener. Dis. – 1971. – Vol. 47. – P. 456.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Csonka G.W. Trichomonal vaginitis treated with one dose of Metronidazole / G.W. Csonka // Brit. J. Vener. Dis. – 1971. – Vol. 47. – P. 456.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wisdom A.R. Trichomoniasis study of the disease and its treatment / A.R. Wisdom, E.M.C. Dunlop // Brit. J. Vener. Dis. – 1965. – Vol. 41. – P. 90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wisdom A.R. Trichomoniasis study of the disease and its treatment / A.R. Wisdom, E.M.C. Dunlop // Brit. J. Vener. Dis. – 1965. – Vol. 41. – P. 90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morton R.S. Metronidazole in the single-dose treatment of trichomoniasis in men and women / R.S. Morton // Brit. J. Vener. Dis. – 1972. – Vol. 48. – P. 525.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morton R.S. Metronidazole in the single-dose treatment of trichomoniasis in men and women / R.S. Morton // Brit. J. Vener. Dis. – 1972. – Vol. 48. – P. 525.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cohen L. Nitrimidazine in the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis / L. Cohen // Brit. J. Vener. Dis. – 1971. – Vol. 47. – P. 177.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cohen L. Nitrimidazine in the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis / L. Cohen // Brit. J. Vener. Dis. – 1971. – Vol. 47. – P. 177.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wallin J. Tinidazole-a new preparation for T. vaginalis Infections / J.Wallin A. Forsgren // Brit. J. Vener. Dis. – 1974. – Vol. 50. – P. 148.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wallin J. Tinidazole-a new preparation for T. vaginalis Infections / J.Wallin A. Forsgren // Brit. J. Vener. Dis. – 1974. – Vol. 50. – P. 148.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lean T.H. Treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis with a new anti-protozoal compound (cc-chloromethyl-2-methyl-5- nitro- 1 -imidazole-ethanol) / T.H. Lean, D. Vengadasalam // Brit.J.Vener.Dis. – 1973. – Vol. 49. – P. 69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lean T.H. Treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis with a new anti-protozoal compound (cc-chloromethyl-2-methyl-5- nitro- 1 -imidazole-ethanol) / T.H. Lean, D. Vengadasalam // Brit.J.Vener.Dis. – 1973. – Vol. 49. – P. 69.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robinson S.C. Trichomonal vaginitis resistant to metronidazole / S.C. Robinson // J. Canad. Med. Ass. –1962. – Vol. 86. – P. 665.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robinson S.C. Trichomonal vaginitis resistant to metronidazole / S.C. Robinson // J. Canad. Med. Ass. –1962. – Vol. 86. – P. 665.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Squires S. Strain sensitivity of Trichomonas vaginalis to metronidazole / S. Squires J. A. McFadzean // Brit. J. Vener. Dis. – 1962. – Vol. 38. – P. 218.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Squires S. Strain sensitivity of Trichomonas vaginalis to metronidazole / S. Squires J. A. McFadzean // Brit. J. Vener. Dis. – 1962. – Vol. 38. – P. 218.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кovacs Elek dr. A Trichomonas vaginalis törzsek metronidazol erzekenysegeröl / E. Кovacs, J. Galgoszy //Orvosi Hetilap. – 1968. – Vol. 110. – P. 66–-68.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Кovacs Elek dr. A Trichomonas vaginalis törzsek metronidazol erzekenysegeröl / E. Кovacs, J. Galgoszy //Orvosi Hetilap. – 1968. – Vol. 110. – P. 66–-68.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cтаростина З.Д. Чувствительность трихомонады к флагилу и ее значение в лечении трихомонадной инфекции у женщин / З.Д. Cтаростина // Вестник дерматологии и венерологии. – 1973. – № 10. – С. 84–85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cтаростина З.Д. Чувствительность трихомонады к флагилу и ее значение в лечении трихомонадной инфекции у женщин / З.Д. Cтаростина // Вестник дерматологии и венерологии. – 1973. – № 10. – С. 84–85.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Корик Л.М. О штаммах Trichomonas vaginalis резистентных к метронидазолу / Л.М. Корик / Вестник дерматологии и венерологии. – 1971. – № 12. – С. 77–79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Корик Л.М. О штаммах Trichomonas vaginalis резистентных к метронидазолу / Л.М. Корик / Вестник дерматологии и венерологии. – 1971. – № 12. – С. 77–79.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayward M.J. Two-day treatment of trichomoniasis in the female. Comparison of metronidazole and nimorazole /M.J. Hayward, R.B. Roy // Br. J. Vener. Dis. – 1976. – Vol. 52, №1. – P. 63–64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayward M.J. Two-day treatment of trichomoniasis in the female. Comparison of metronidazole and nimorazole /M.J. Hayward, R.B. Roy // Br. J. Vener. Dis. – 1976. – Vol. 52, №1. – P. 63–64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kulda J. Experimental animals in studies of T. vaginalis infection / B.M. Honigberg // Trichomonads parasitic in humans – New York.: Springer-Verlag. – P. 112–153.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulda J. Experimental animals in studies of T. vaginalis infection / B.M. Honigberg // Trichomonads parasitic in humans – New York.: Springer-Verlag. – P. 112–153.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lossick J.G. Therapy of urogenital trichomoniasis /B.M. Honigberg // Trichomonads parasitic in humans - New York.: Springer-Verlag. – P. 324–341.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lossick J.G. Therapy of urogenital trichomoniasis /B.M. Honigberg // Trichomonads parasitic in humans - New York.: Springer-Verlag. – P. 324–341.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kulda J. Trichomonads: hydrogenosomes and drug resistance / J. Kulda // International Journal for Parasitology. – 1999. – Vol. 29, №2. – P. 199–212.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulda J. Trichomonads: hydrogenosomes and drug resistance / J. Kulda // International Journal for Parasitology. – 1999. – Vol. 29, №2. – P. 199–212.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cerkasovova A. Metabolic properties of Trichomonas vaginalis resistant to metronidazole under anaerobic conditions / A. Cerkasovova, J.Novak, J. Cerkasov // Acta. Univ.Carolinae.Biol. – 1988. – Vol. 30. – P. 505–512.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cerkasovova A. Metabolic properties of Trichomonas vaginalis resistant to metronidazole under anaerobic conditions / A. Cerkasovova, J.Novak, J. Cerkasov // Acta. Univ.Carolinae.Biol. – 1988. – Vol. 30. – P. 505–512.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leitsch D. The flavin inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium renders Trichomonas vaginalis resistant to metronidazole, inhibits thioredoxin reductase and flavin reductase, and shuts off hydrogenosomal enzymatic pathways / D. Leitsch, D. Kolarich, M. Duchêne // Mol.Biochem.Parasitol. – 2010. – Vol. 171, № 1. – Р. 17–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leitsch D. The flavin inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium renders Trichomonas vaginalis resistant to metronidazole, inhibits thioredoxin reductase and flavin reductase, and shuts off hydrogenosomal enzymatic pathways / D. Leitsch, D. Kolarich, M. Duchêne // Mol.Biochem.Parasitol. – 2010. – Vol. 171, № 1. – Р. 17–24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клименко Б.В. Трихомониаз мужчин, женщин и детей / Б.В. Клименко, Э.Р. Авазов, В.Б. Барановская, М.С. Степанова. – СПб.: Сюжет, 2001. – 192 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Клименко Б.В. Трихомониаз мужчин, женщин и детей / Б.В. Клименко, Э.Р. Авазов, В.Б. Барановская, М.С. Степанова. – СПб.: Сюжет, 2001. – 192 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самохин В.Л. Морфология Trichomonas vaginalis и современные противотрихомонадные лекарственные средства/ В.Л. Самохин // ИППП. – 2002. – №5. – С. 15–18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Самохин В.Л. Морфология Trichomonas vaginalis и современные противотрихомонадные лекарственные средства/ В.Л. Самохин // ИППП. – 2002. – №5. – С. 15–18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nielsen M. H. In vitro effect of metronidazole on the ultrastructure of Trichomonas vaginalis Donne / M.H. Ni el sen // Ac ta Pathol. Microbiol. – 1976. – Vol. 84. – P. 93–100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nielsen M. H. In vitro effect of metronidazole on the ultrastructure of Trichomonas vaginalis Donne / M.H. Ni el sen // Ac ta Pathol. Microbiol. – 1976. – Vol. 84. – P. 93–100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peterson K. M. Acquisition of alpha 1-Antitrypsin by a pathogenic strain of Trichomonas vaginalis / K. M. Peterson, J.F. Alderete // Infect. Immun.- 1983. – Vol. 40, № 2. – P. 640–646.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peterson K. M. Acquisition of alpha 1-Antitrypsin by a pathogenic strain of Trichomonas vaginalis / K. M. Peterson, J.F. Alderete // Infect. Immun.- 1983. – Vol. 40, № 2. – P. 640–646.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захаркив Ю.Ф. Сравнительная оценка чувствительности Trichomonas vaginalis к препаратам 5-нит роимидазольного ряда и других групп in vitro и in vivo и контроль эффективности этиотропной терапии/ Ю.Ф. Захаркив, С.С. Козлов, А.Ф. Никитин с соавт. // Фарматека. –2008. - №9. – С. 48–52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Захаркив Ю.Ф. Сравнительная оценка чувствительности Trichomonas vaginalis к препаратам 5-нит роимидазольного ряда и других групп in vitro и in vivo и контроль эффективности этиотропной терапии/ Ю.Ф. Захаркив, С.С. Козлов, А.Ф. Никитин с соавт. // Фарматека. –2008. - №9. – С. 48–52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
