jofinЖурнал инфектологииJournal Infectology2072-6732IPO “АIDSSPbR"10.22625/2072-6732-2015-7-2-31-46jofin-395Research ArticleОбзорыReviewПатогенез гриппа: механизмы модуляции белками возбудителяInfluenza pathogenesis: mechanisms of modulation by agent proteinsЩелкановМ. Ю.ShchelkanovM. Yu.

профессор кафедры микробиологии и вирусологии Тихоокеанского государственного медицинского университета, заведующий лабораторией вирусологических исследований Центра гигиены и эпидемиологии в Приморском крае, д.б.н., доцент; тел.: +7-903-268-90-98 

adorob@mail.ruПоповА. Ф.PopovA. F.

профессор кафедры инфекционных болезней Тихоокеанского государственного медицинского университета, д.м.н., профессор; тел.: +7-914-704-56-20 

doctor.popov@mail.ruСимаковаА. И.SimakovaA. I.

заведующая кафедрой инфекционных болезней Тихоокеанского государственного медицинского университета, д.м.н., доцент; тел.: +7-902-557-19-58

anna-inf@yandex.ruЗенинИ. В.ZeninI. V.

аспирант кафедры инфекционных болезней Тихоокеанского государственного медицинского университета; тел.: +7-924-125-86-54

geltok.127@mail.ruПрошинаЕ. С.ProshinaE. S.

научный сотрудник лаборатории экологии вирусов Федерального научно-исследовательского центра эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Н.Ф. Гамалеи; тел.: 8(499)190-30-52

len_pet@mail.ruКирилловИ. М.KirillovI. M.

старший научный сотрудник лаборатории экологии вирусов Федерального научно-исследовательского центра эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Н.Ф. Гамалеи; тел.:8(499)190-30-52

iliyakirillov@yandex.ruДмитриенкоК. А.DmitrenkoK. A.

аспирантка кафедры инфекционных болезней Тихоокеанского государственного медицинского университета; тел.: +7-968-165-32-96

ksdmitrenko@mail.ruШевчукД. В.ShevchukD. V.

студент Тихоокеанского государственного медицинского университета; тел.: 8(914)681-0095

denis.shevchuk.1996@mail.ruТихоокеанский государственный медицинский университет, Владивосток, Россия Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Приморском крае, Владивосток, РоссияРоссияPacific State Medical University, Vladivostok, Russia Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in Primorsky krai, Vladivostok, RussiaRussian FederationТихоокеанский государственный медицинский университет, Владивосток, РоссияРоссияPacific State Medical University, Vladivostok, RussiaRussian FederationФедеральный научно-исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Н.Ф. Гамалеи, Москва, РоссияРоссияFederal Scientific Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, RussiaRussian Federation201507072015723146Copyright © Щелканов М.Ю., Попов А.Ф., Симакова А.И., Зенин И.В., Прошина Е.С., Кириллов И.М., Дмитриенко К.А., Шевчук Д.В., 20152015Щелканов М.Ю., Попов А.Ф., Симакова А.И., Зенин И.В., Прошина Е.С., Кириллов И.М., Дмитриенко К.А., Шевчук Д.В.Shchelkanov M.Y., Popov A.F., Simakova A.I., Zenin I.V., Proshina E.S., Kirillov I.M., Dmitrenko K.A., Shevchuk D.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.niidi.ru/jofin/article/view/395

В обзоре анализируются современные представления о влиянии белков вирусов-возбудителей гриппа – Influenzavirus A, B и C (Orthomyxoviridae) – на развитие различных элементов патогенеза основного заболевания. В частности, приводится краткое описание жизненного цикла вирусов гриппа с особым вниманием к тем его стадиям, которые способны модулировать патогенетические механизмы. Описана взаимосвязь между структурой рецептор-связывающего сайта гемагглютинина и тропизмом вируса, а также влияние на этот феномен структуры рецептор-расщепляющих вирусных белков. Представлен механизм подавления продукции интерферонов инфицированной клеткой вирусным белком NS1. Описана индукция апоптоза неструктурным белком PB1F2 вируса гриппа А. 

Modern concepts of the influence of the proteins from viruses-etiological agents of flu – Influenzavirus A, B and C (Orthomyxoviridae) – on the development of different elements of the main disease pathogenesis are analyzed in the review. In particular, the short description of life cycle of Influenza viruses is alleguered with special attention to those its stages which are capable to modulate pathogenetic mechanisms. The interrelation between the structure of hemagglutinin receptor-binding site and virus tropism as well as the influence of the receptor-destroying virus proteins on this phenomenon is described. The mechanism of suppression of interferon production in the infected cell by virus NS1 protein is presented. The induction of apoptosis by nonstructural PB1-F2 protein of Influenza A virusis described. 

гриппвирус гриппа АInfluenzavirus Aвирус гриппа ВInfluenzavirus Bвирус гриппа СInfluenzavirus Cпатогенезвирусные белкиInfluenzaInfluenza A virusInfluenzavirus AInfluenza B virusInfluenzavirus BInfluenza C virusInfluenzavirus Cpathogenesisvirus proteinsReferencesЩелканов, М.Ю. Генотипическая структура рода Influenza A virus / М.Ю. Щелканов, Д.К. Львов // Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук. – 2011. – No 5. – С. 19–23.Shchelkanov, M.Yu. Genotypic structure of the genus influenza A virus / M.Yu. Shchelkanov, D.K. Lvov // Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk. – 2011. – N 5. – P. 19–23. [in Russian]Каверин, Н.В. Ортомиксовирусы (Orthomyxoviridae) / Н.В. Каверин, Д.К. Львов, М.Ю. Щелканов // Руководство по вирусологии. Вирусы и вирусные инфекции человека и животных : монография; под ред. Д.К. Львова. – М.: МИА, 2013. – С. 307–314.Kaverin, N.V. Orthomyxoviruses (Orthomyxoviridae) / N.V. Kaverin, D.K. Lvov // Handbook of Virology. Viruses and viral infections of humans and animals : monograph; ed. D.K. Lvov. – Moscow: Medical Information Agency, 2013. – P. 307–314. [in Russian]Щелканов, М.Ю. Таксономическая структура Orthomyxoviridae: современное состояние и ближайшие перспективы / М.Ю. Щелканов [и др.] // Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук. – 2011. – No 5. – С. 12–19.Shchelkanov, M.Yu. Taxonomic structure of Orthomyxoviridae: current views and immediate prospects / M.Yu. Shchelkanov, I.T. Fedyakina, E.S. Proshina [et al.] // Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk. – 2011. – N 5. – P. 12– 19. [in Russian]Львов, Д.К. Таксономический статус вируса Тюлёк (Tyulek – TLKV) (Orthomyxoviridae, Quaranjavirus, группа Кваранфил), изолированного в Киргизии из клещей Argas vulgaris Filippova, 1961 (Argasidae) из норовых биотопов с гнёздами птиц / Д.К. Львов [и др.] // Вопросы вирусологии. – 2014. – Т. 59, No 2. – С. 28–32.Lvov, D.K. Taxonomic status of Tyulek virus (TLKV) (Orthomyxoviridae, Quaranjavirus, Quaranfil group) isolated from ticks Argas vulgaris Filippova, 1961 (Argasidae) from the birds burrow nest biotopes in the Kyrgyzstan / D.K. Lvov, S.V. Alkhovsky, M.Yu. Shchelkanov [et al.] // Voprosy Virusologii. – 2014. – V. 59. – N 2. – P. 28–32. [in Russian]Щелканов, М.Ю. Эволюция высоковирулентного вируса гриппа А (H5N1) в экосистемах Северной Евразии (2005–2009 гг.): диссертация на соискание учёной степени доктора биологических наук по специальности 03.02.02 «Вирусология» / М.Ю. Щелканов. – М.: НИИ вирусологии им. Д.И. Ивановского РАМН, 2010. – 488 с.Shchelkanov, M.Yu. Evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) in ecosystems of Northern Eurasia (2005–2009) : PhD thesis on competition of the doctor of biological sciences (03.02.02 “Virology”) / M.Yu. Shchelkanov. – Moscow: D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, 2010. – 488 p. [in Russian]Щелканов, М.Ю. Новый субтип вируса гриппа А от летучих мышей и новые задачи эколого-вирусологического мониторинга / М.Ю. Щелканов, Д.К. Львов // Вопросы вирусологии. – 2012. – Приложение 1. – С. 159–168.Shchelkanov, M.Yu. New subtype of influenza A virus from bats and new tasks for ecologo-virological monitoring / M. Yu. Shchelkanov, D.K. Lvov // Voprosy Virusologii. – 2012. – Suppl. 1. – P. 159–168. [in Russian]Львов, Д.К. Экология и эволюция вирусов гриппа в России (1979-2002 гг.) / Д.К. Львов [и др.] // Вопросы вирусологии. – 2004. – Т. 49, No 3. – С. 17–24.Lvov, D.K. Ecology and evolution of influenza viruses in Russia (1979-2002) / D.K. Lvov, S.S. Yamnikova, I.T. Fedyakina [et al.] // Voprosy Virusologii. – 2004. – V. 49. – N 3. – P. 17–24. [in Russian]Львов, Д.К. Птичий грипп А (H5N1) / Д,К. Львов, М.Ю. Щелканов // Руководство по вирусологии. Вирусы и вирусные инфекции человека и животных : монография; под ред. Д.К. Львова.– М.: МИА, 2013. – С. 554–577.Lvov, D.K. Avian influenza A (H5N1) / D.K. Lvov, M.Yu. Shchelkanov // Handbook of Virology. Viruses and viral infections of humans and animals : monograph; ed. D.K. Lvov. – Moscow: Medical Information Agency, 2013. – P. 554–577. [in Russian]Щелканов, М.Ю. Грипп: история, клиника, патогенез / М.Ю. Щелканов, Л.В. Колобухина, Д.К. Львов // Лечащий врач. – 2011. – No 10. – С. 33–38.Shchelkanov, M.Yu. Influenza: history, clinics, pathogenesis / M.Yu. Shchelkanov, L.V. Kolobukhina, D.K. Lvov // The Practitioner. – 2011. – N 10. – P. 33–38. [in Russian]Львов, Д.К. Пандемический грипп А (H1N1) pdm0 9 / Д.К. Львов, Л.В. Колобухина, Е.И. Бурцева, М.Ю. Щелканов // Руководство по вирусологии. Вирусы и вирусные инфекции человека и животных : монография; под ред. Д.К. Львова.– М.: МИА, 2013. – С. 542–554.Lvov, D.K. Pandemic influenza А (H1N1) pdm09 / D.K. Lvov, L.V. Kolobukhina, E.I. Burtseva, M.Yu. Shchelkanov // Handbook of Virology. Viruses and viral infections of humans and animals : monograph; ed. D.K. Lvov. – Moscow: Medical Information Agency, 2013. – P. 542–554. [in Russian]Львов, Д.К. Изоляция 24.05.2009 и депонирование в Государственную коллекцию вирусов (ГКВ N 2452 от 24.05.2009) первого штамма А/Moscow/01/2009 (H1N1) swl, подобного свиному вирусу A (H1N1) от первого выявленного 21.05.2009 больного в г. Москве / Д.К. Львов [и др.] // Вопросы вирусологии. – 2009. – Т. 54, No 6. – С. 10–14.Lvov, D.K. The 24 May, 2009 isolation of the first A/IIVMoscow/01/2009 (H1N1)swl strain similar to swine A (H1N1) influenza virus from the first Moscow case detected on May 21, 2009, and its deposit in the state collection of viruses (SCV No. 2452 dated May 24, 2009) / D.K. Lvov, E.I. Burtseva, A.G. Prilipov [et al.] // Voprosy Virusologii. – 2009. – V. 54. – N 6. – P. 10–14. [in Russian]Львов, Д.К. Распространение нового пандемического вируса гриппа A (H1N1) v в России / Д.К. Львов [и др.] // Вопросы вирусологии. – 2010. – Т. 55, No 3. – С. 4–9.Lvov, D.K. Spread of new pandemic influenza A (H1N1) v virus in Russia / Lvov D.K., Burtseva E.I., Shchelkanov M.Yu. [et al.] // Voprosy Virusologii. – 2010. – V. 55. – N 3. – P. 4–9. [in Russian]Щелканов, М.Ю. Динамика распространения пандемического гриппа А / H1N1 swl на Дальнем Востоке в 2009 г. / М.Ю. Щелканов [и др.] // Вопросы вирусологии. – 2010. – Т. 55, No 3. – С. 10–15.Shchelkanov, M.Yu. Trends in the spread of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) swl in the Far East in 2009 // Shchelkanov M. Yu., Lvov D.N., Fedyakina I.T. [et al.] // Voprosy Virusologii. – 2010. – V. 55. – N 3. – P. 10–15. [in Russian]Osterhaus, A.D. Influenza B virus in seals / A.D. Osterhaus [et al.] // Science. – 2000. – V. 288. – P. 1051–1053.Osterhaus, A.D. Influenza B virus in seals / A.D. Osterhaus, G.F. Rimmelzwaan, D.E. Martina [et al.] // Science. – 2000. – V. 288. – P. 1051–1053.Guo, Y.J. Isolation of influenza C virus from pigs and experimental infection of pigs with influenza C virus / Y.J. Guo [et al.] // Journal of General Virology. – 1983. – V. 64. – P. 177–182.Guo, Y.J. Isolation of influenza C virus from pigs and experimental infection of pigs with influenza C virus / Y.J. Guo, F.G. Jin, P. Wang [et al.] // Journal of General Virology. – 1983. – V. 64. – P. 177–182.Yuanji, G. Genome analysis of influenza C viruses isolated in 1981/82 from pigs in China / G. Yuanji, U. Desselberger // Journal of General Virology. – 1984. –V. 65. – P. 1857– 1872.Yuanji, G. Genome analysis of influenza C viruses isolated in 1981/82 from pigs in China / G. Yuanji, U. Desselberger // Journal of General Virology. – 1984. –V. 65. – P. 1857– 1872.Голохвастова, Н.О. Особенности современного течения гриппа А (H1N1 swl) / Н.О. Голохвастова // Клиниxеская медицина. – 2012. – No 6. – С. 18–25.Golokhvastova, N.O. Peculiarities of present-day morbidity of influenza A (H1N1 swl) / N.O. Golokhvastova // Klinicheskaya Meditsina. – 2012. – N 6. – P. 18–25. [in Russian]Киселёв, О.И. Патогенез тяжёлых форм гриппа / О.И. Киселёв, В.А. Исаков, Б.П. Шаронов, В.П. Сухинин // Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук. – 1994. – No 9. – С. 32–36.Kiselev, O.I. Pathogenesis of severe influenza / O.I. Kiselev, V.A. Isakov, B.P. Sharonov, V.P. Sukhinin // Vestnik Rossiiskoi Academii Meditsinskikh Nauk. – 1994. – N 9. – P. 32–36. [in Russian]Киселёв, О.И. Грипп и другие респираторные инфекции: эпидемиология, профилактика, диагностика и терапия / О.И. Киселёв, И.Г. Маринец, А.А. Соминина. – СПб.: Боргес, 2003. – 244 с.Kiselev, O.I. Influenza and other respiratory infections: epidemiology, prophylaxis, diagnostics and therapy / O.I. Kiselev, I.G. Marinets, A.A. Sominina. – Saint Petersburg: Borges Publ., 2003. – 244 p. [in Russian]Киселёв, О.И. Пандемический грипп 2009 г. в России. Диагностика и молекулярно-биологические характеристики вируса / О.И. Киселёв [и др.] // Вопросы вирусологии. – 2011. – Т. 56, No 1. – С. 17–21.Kiselev, O.I. The 2009 pandemic influenza in Russia. I. Diagnosis and molecular biological characteristics of the virus / O.I. Kiselev, A.B. Komissarov, M.A. Stukova [et al.] // Voprosy Virusologii. – 2011. – V. 56. – N 1. – P. 17–21. [in Russian]Киселев, О.И. Грипп: эпидемиология, диагностика, лечение, профилактика / О.И. Киселев, Л.М. Цыбалова, В.И. Покровский. – М., 2012. – 496 с.Kiselev, O.I. Influenza: epidemiology, diagnostics, treatment, prophylaxis / O.I. Kiselev, L.M. Tsybalova, V.I. Pokrovsky. – Мoscow, 2012. – 496 p. [in Russian]Колобухина, Л.В. Этиотропная терапия гриппа: уроки последней пандемии / Л.В. Колобухина [и др.] // Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук. – 2011. – No 5. – С. 35–40.Kolobukhina, L.V. Etiotropic therapy of influenza: lessons from the last pandemic / Kolobukhina L.V., Shchelkanov M.Yu., Merkulova L.N. [et al.] // Vestnik Rossiiskoi Academii Meditsinskikh Nauk. – 2011. – N 5. – P. 35–40. [in Russian].Колобухина, Л.В. Пандемический грипп в России: отличительные особенности клинического течения и отсутствия ранней этиотропной терапии как фактор риска развития тяжелых форм заболевания / Л.В. Колобухина [и др.] // Терапевтический архив. – 2011. – Т. 83, No 9. – С. 48–53.Kolobukhina, L.V. Pandemic influenza in Russia: specific features of clinical course and the absence of early etiotropic therapy as a risk factor of severe forms of the disease / L.V. Kolobukhina, L.N. Merkulova, M.Yu. Shchelkanov [et al.] // Terapevticheskii Arkhiv. – 2011. – V. 83. – N 9. – P. 48–53. [in Russian].Колобухина, Л.В. Эпидемический сезон 20132014 гг.. Госпитальный мониторинг и противовирусная терапия / Л.В. Колобухина [и др.] // Терапевтический архив. – 2014. – Т. 86, No 10. – С. 52–59.Kolobukhina, L.V. The 2013-2014 epidemic season. Hospital monitoring and antiviral therapy for influenza / L.V. Kolobukhina, E.I. Burtseva, M.Yu. Shchelkanov [et al.] // Terapevticheskii Arkhiv. – V. 86. – N 10. – P. 52–59. [in Russian]Лаврищева, В.В. Этиология летальных пневмоний в период развития пандемии, вызванной вирусом гриппа А (H1N1) pdm09 в России / В.В. Лаврищева [и др.] // Вопросы вирусологии. – 2013. – Т. 58, No 3. – С. 17–21.Lavrischeva, V.V. Etiology of fatal pneumonia cause by influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus during the pandemic in Russia / V.V. Lavrischeva, E.I. Burtseva, Yu.N. Khomyakov [et al.] // Voprosy Virusologii. – 2013. – V. 58. – N 3. – P. 17–21. [in Russian]Львов, Д.К. Обнаружение аминокислотных замен аспарагиновой кислоты на глицин и глутаминовую кислоту в рецептор-связывающем сайте гемагглютинина в штамме пандемического вируса гриппа H1N1 от больных с летальным исходом и со средне-тяжелой формой заболевания / Д.К. Львов [и др.] // Вопросы вирусологии. – 2010. – Т. 55, No 3. – С. 15–18.Lvov, D.K. Detection of amino acid substitutions of asparaginic acid for glycine and asparagine at the receptor-binding site of hemagglutinin in the variants of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus from patients with fatal outcome and moderate form of the disease / D.K. Lvov, K.B. Yashkulov, A.G. Prilipov [et al.] // Voprosy Virusologii. – 2010. – V. 55. – N 3. – P. 15–18. [in Russian]Львов, Д.К. Возможная связь летальной пневмонии с мутациями пандемического вируса гриппа А / H1N1 swl в рецептор-связывающем сайте субъединицы НА1 гемагглютинина / Д.К. Львов [и др.] // Вопросы вирусологии. – 2010. – Т. 55, No 4. – С. 4–9.Lvov, D.K. A possible association of fatal pneumonia with mutations of pandemic influenza A / H1N1 swl virus in the receptor-binding site of HA1 subunit / D.K. Lvov, E.I. Burtseva, A.G. Prilipov [et al.] // Voprosy Virusologii. – 2010. – V. 55. – N 4. – P. 4–9. [in Russian]Львов, Д.К. Корреляция между рецепторной специфичностью штаммов пандемического вируса гриппа А (H1N1) pdm09, изолированных в 20092011 гг., структурой рецептор-связывающего сайта и вероятностью развития летальной первичной вирусной пневмонии / Д.К. Львов [и др.] // Вопросы вирусологии. – 2012. – Т. 57, No 1. – С. 14–20.Lvov, D.K. Correlation between the receptor specificities of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus strains isolated in 29–211 and the structure of the receptor-binding site and the probabilities of fatal primary virus pneumonia / D.K. Lvov, M.Yu. Shchelkanov,N.V. Bovin [et al.] // Voprosy Virusologii. – 2012. – V. 57. –N 1. – P. 14–20. [in Russian]Цинзерлинг, В.А. Патогенетические аспекты гриппа в период эпидемии, вызванной вирусом А/H1N1v в 20092010 гг. по аутопсии / В.А. Цинзерлинг [и др.] // Архив патологии. – 2011. – Т. 73, No 6. – С. 21–25.Tsinzerling, V.A. Pathogenic aspects of influenza during the epidemics caused by A/H1N1v virus in 2009-2010 according autopsy data / V.A. Tsinzerling, S.L. Vorob›ev, V.V. Zarubaev [et al.] // Arkhiv patologii. – 2011. – V. 73. – N 6. – С. 21–25. [in Russian]Чучалин, А.Г. Патологическая анатомия лёгких при гриппе А (H1N1), по данным аутопсий / А.Г. Чучалин [и др.] // Пульмонология. – 2010. – No 1. – С. 5–11.Chuchalin, A.G. Pathological anatomy of lung in Influenza А (H1N1) according to autopsy / A.G. Chuchalin, A.L. Cherniaev, O.V. Zairat’iants [et al.] // Pulmonologiya. – 2010. – N 1. – P. 5–11. [in Russian]Chan, R.W. Influenza H5N1 and H1N1 virus replication and innate immune responses in bronchial epithelial cells are influenced by the state of differentiation / R.W. Chan [et al.] // PLoS One. – 2010. – V. 5, N 1. – P. e8713.Chan, R.W. Influenza H5N1 and H1N1 virus replication and innate immune responses in bronchial epithelial cells are influenced by the state of differentiation / R.W. Chan, K.M. Yuen, W.C. Yu [et al.] // PLoS One. – 2010. – V. 5. – N 1. – P. e8713.Mauad, T. Lung pathology in fatal novel human influenza A(H1N1) infection / T. Mauad [et al.] // American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. – 2010. – V. 181, N 1. – Р. 72–79.Mauad, T. Lung pathology in fatal novel human influenza A(H1N1) infection / T. Mauad, L.A. Hajjar, G.D. Calegari [et al.] // American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. – 2010. – V. 181. – N 1. – Р. 72–79.Гамбарян, А.С. Три рецептора вируса гриппа / А.С. Гамбарян // Медицинская вирусология : сборник. – М., 2007. – Т. XXIV. – С. 245–254.Gambaryan, A.S. Three receptors of Influenza virus / A.S. Gambaryan // Meditsinskaya Virosologiya : collection. – Moscow, 2007. – V. XXIV. – P. 245–254. [in Russian]Gambaryan, A.S. Differences between influenza virus receptors on target cells of duck and chicken and receptor specificity of the 1997 H5N1 chicken and human influenza viruses from Hong Kong / A.S. Gambaryan [et al.] // Avian Diseases. – 2003. – V. 47. – Suppl. 3. – P. 1154–1160.Gambaryan, A.S. Differences between influenza virus receptors on target cells of duck and chicken and receptor specificity of the 1997 H5N1 chicken and human influenza viruses from Hong Kong / A.S. Gambaryan, A.B. Tuzikov, N.V. Bovin [et al.] // Avian Diseases. – 2003. – V. 47. – Suppl. 3. – P. 1154–1160.Lvov, D.K. Evolution of HPAI H5N1 virus in Natural ecosystems of Northern Eurasia (2005-2008) / D.K. Lvov [et al.] // Avian Diseases. – 2010. – V. 54. – P. 483–495.Lvov, D.K. Evolution of HPAI H5N1 virus in Natural ecosystems of Northern Eurasia (2005-2008) / D.K. Lvov, M.Yu. Shchelkanov, A.G. Prilipov [et al.] // Avian Diseases. – 2010. – V. 54. – P. 483–495.Matrosovich, M.N. Recognition by human A and B influenza viruses of 8and 7-carbon analogs of sialic acid modified in the polyhydroxyl side chain / M.N. Matrosovich [et al.] // Virology. – 1991. – V. 182. – P. 879–882.Matrosovich, M.N. Recognition by human A and B influenza viruses of 8and 7-carbon analogs of sialic acid modified in the polyhydroxyl side chain / M.N. Matrosovich, A.S. Gambaryan, F.N. Reizin, M.P. Chumakov // Virology. – 1991. – V. 182. – P. 879–882.Nicholls, J.M. Sialic acid receptor detection in the human respiratory tract: evidence for widespread distribution of potential binding sites for human and avian influenza viruses / J.M. Nicholls [et al.] // Respiratory Research. – 2007. – V. 8, N 73. – P. 1–10.Nicholls, J.M. Sialic acid receptor detection in the human respiratory tract: evidence for widespread distribution of potential binding sites for human and avian influenza viruses / Nicholls J.M., Bourne A.J., Chen H. [et al.] // Respiratory Research. – 2007. – V. 8. – N 73. – P. 1–10.WHO. Influenza at the human-animal interface. Summary and assessment as of 26 January 2015. [Электронный ресурc] URL: www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/ Influenza_Summary_IRA_HA_interface_26January2015. pdf?ua=1&ua=1.WHO. Influenza at the human-animal interface. Summary and assessment as of 26 January 2015. [Electronic resource] URL: www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/ Influenza_Summary_IRA_HA_interface_26January2015. pdf?ua=1&ua=1.Сюрин, В.Н. Вирусные болезни животных / В.Н. Сюрин [и др.]. – М., 1998. – 928 с.Syurin, V.N. Viral diseases of animals / V.N. Syurin, A.Ya. Samuilenko, B.V. Solov’ev, N.V. Fomina. – Moscow, 1998. – 928 p. [in Russian]Horimoto, T. Influenza: lessons from past pandemics, warning from current incidents / T. Horimoto, Y. Kawaoka // Nature Reviews Microbiology. – 2005. – V. 3. – P. 591–600.Horimoto, T. Influenza: lessons from past pandemics, warning from current incidents / T. Horimoto, Y. Kawaoka // Nature Reviews Microbiology. – 2005. – V. 3. – P. 591–600.Reid, A.H. 1918 influenza pandemic caused by highly conserved viruses with two receptor-binding variants / A.H. Reid [et al.] // Emerging Infectious Diseases. – 2003. – V. 9. – N 10. – P. 1249–1253.Reid, A.H. 1918 influenza pandemic caused by highly conserved viruses with two receptor-binding variants / A.H. Reid, T.A. Janczewski, R.M. Lourens [et al.] // Emerging Infectious Diseases. – 2003. – V. 9. – N 10. – P. 1249–1253.Webster, R.G. Evolution of influenza A virus / R.G. Webster, W.J. Bean, O.T. Gorman // Microbiological Reviews. – 1992. – V. 56, N 1. – P. 152–179.Webster, R.G. Evolution of influenza A virus / R.G. Webster, W.J. Bean, O.T. Gorman // Microbiological Reviews. – 1992. – V. 56. – N 1. – P. 152–179.Львов, Д.К. Грипп, вызванный новым пандемическим вирусом А / H1N1 swl: клиника, диагностика, лечение : методические рекомендации / Д.К. Львов [и др.]. – М.: Департамент здравоохранения г. Москвы, 2009. – 18 с.Lvov, D.K. Influenza provoked by new pandemic virus A / H1N1 swl: clinics, diagnostics, treatment : methodological recommendations / Lvov D.K., Malyshev N.A., Kolobukhina L.V. [et al.]. – Moscow, 2009. – 18 p. [in Russian]Zimmer, S.M. Historical Perspective – Emergence of Influenza A (H1N1) viruses / S.M. Zimmer, D.S. Burke // New England Journal of Medicine. – 2009. – V. 361. – P. 279–285.Zimmer, S.M. Historical Perspective – Emergence of Influenza A (H1N1) viruses / S.M. Zimmer, D.S. Burke // New England Journal of Medicine. – 2009. – V. 361. – P. 279–285.Weis, W. Structure of the influenza virus haemagglutinin complexed with its receptor, sialic acid / W. Weis [et al.] // Nature. – 1988. – V. 333. – N 6172. – P. 426–431.Weis, W. Structure of the influenza virus haemagglutinin complexed with its receptor, sialic acid / W. Weis, J.H. Brown, S. Cusack [et al.] // Nature. – 1988. – V. 333. – N 6172. – P. 426–431.Блинов, В.М. Анализ потенциальных участков рекомбинации в генах гемагглютинина вирусов гриппа животных в отношении их адаптации к новому хозяину – человеку / В.М. Блинов [и др.] // Грипп птиц: происхождение инфекционных биокатастроф : монография / под ред. В.И. Покровского. – СПб.: Росток, 2006. – С. 187–205.Blinov, V.M. Analysis of the potential recombination sites in hemagglutinin genes of animal Influenza viruses in relation of their adaptation to new host – human / V.M. Blinov, O.I. Kiselev, S.M. Resenchuk [et al.] // Avian Influenza: origin of infection biocatastrophes : monograph; ed. V.I. Pokrovsky. – Saint Petersburg: Rostok, 2006. – P. 187–205. [in Russian]Eisen, M.B. Binding of the influenza A virus to cellsurface receptors: structures of five hemagglutinin-sialyloligosaccharide complexes determined by X-ray crystallography / M.B. Eisen, S. Sabesan, J.J. Skehel, D.C. Wiley // Virology. – 1997. – V. 232. –N 1. – P. 19–31.Eisen, M.B. Binding of the influenza A virus to cellsurface receptors: structures of five hemagglutinin-sialyloligosaccharide complexes determined by X-ray crystallography / M.B. Eisen, S. Sabesan, J.J. Skehel, D.C. Wiley // Virology. – 1997. – V. 232. –N 1. – P. 19–31.Nakamura, K. Host celland virus strain-dependent differences in oligosaccharides of hemagglutinin glycoproteins of influenza A viruses / K. Nakamura, R.W. Compans // Virology. – 1979. – V. 95. – N 1. – P. 8–23.Nakamura, K. Host celland virus strain-dependent differences in oligosaccharides of hemagglutinin glycoproteins of influenza A viruses / K. Nakamura, R.W. Compans // Virology. – 1979. – V. 95. – N 1. – P. 8–23.Rogers, G.N. Single amino acid substitutions in influenza haemagglutinin change receptor binding specificity / G.N. Rogers [et al.] // Nature. – 1983. – V. 304, N 5921. – P. 76–78.Rogers, G.N. Single amino acid substitutions in influenza haemagglutinin change receptor binding specificity / G.N. Rogers, J.C. Paulson, R.S. Daniels [et al.] // Nature. – 1983. – V. 304. – N 5921. – P. 76–78.Rogers, G.N. Host-mediated selection of influenza virus receptor variants. Sialic acid-alpha 2,6Gal-specific clones of A/ duck/Ukraine/1/63 revert to sialic acid-alpha 2,3Gal-specific wild type in ovo / G.N. Rogers [et al.] // Journal of Biological Chemistry. – 1985. – V. 260, N 12. – P. 7362–7367.Rogers, G.N. Host-mediated selection of influenza virus receptor variants. Sialic acid-alpha 2,6Gal-specific clones of A/duck/Ukraine/1/63 revert to sialic acid-alpha 2,3Gal-specific wild type in ovo / G.N. Rogers, R.S. Daniels, J.J. Skehel [et al.] // Journal of Biological Chemistry. – 1985. – V. 260. – N 12. – P. 7362–7367.Connor, R.J. Receptor specificity in human, avian, and equine H2 and H3 influenza virus isolates / R.J. Connor [et al.] // Virology. – 1994. – V. 205, N 1. – P. 17–23.Connor, R.J. Receptor specificity in human, avian, and equine H2 and H3 influenza virus isolates / R.J. Connor, Y. Kawaoka, R.G. Webster, J.C. Paulson [et al.] // Virology. – 1994. – V. 205. – N 1. – P. 17–23.Matrosovich, M. Early alterations of the receptor-binding properties of H1, H2, and H3 avian influenza virus hemagglutinins after their introduction into mammals / M. Matrosovich [et al.] // Journal of Virology. – 2000. – V 74, N 18. – Р. 8502–8512.Matrosovich, M. Early alterations of the receptor-binding properties of H1, H2, and H3 avian influenza virus hemagglutinins after their introduction into mammals / M. Matrosovich, A. Tuzikov, N. Bovin [et al.] // Journal of Virology. – 2000. – V 74. – N 18. – 8502–8512.Stevens, J. Glycan microarray analysis of the hemagglutinins from modern and pandemic influenza viruses reveals different receptor specificities / J. Stevens [et al.] // Journal of Molecular Biology. – 2006. – V. 355, N 5. – P. 1143–1155.Stevens, J. Glycan microarray analysis of the hemagglutinins from modern and pandemic influenza viruses reveals different receptor specificities / J. Stevens, O. Blixt, L. Glaser [et al.] // Journal of Molecular Biology. – 2006. – V. 355. – N 5. – P. 1143–1155.Nobusawa, E. Change in receptor-binding specificity of recent human influenza A viruses (H3N2): a single amino acid change in hemagglutinin altered its recognition of sialyloligosaccharides / E. Nobusawa [et al.] // Virology. – 2000. – V. 278, N 2. – P. 587–596.Nobusawa, E. Change in receptor-binding specificity of recent human influenza A viruses (H3N2): a single amino acid change in hemagglutinin altered its recognition of sialyloligosaccharides / E. Nobusawa, H. Ishihara, T. Morishita [et al.] // Virology. – 2000. – V. 278. – N 2. – P. 587–596.Киселёв, О.И. Изоляты вируса гриппа А подтипа H5N1, выделенные от домашней птицы в Курганской области в 2005 году: молекулярно-генетическая характеристика / О.И. Киселёв [и др.] // Молекулярная биология. – 2008. – Т. 42, No 1. – С. 78–87.Kiselev, O.I. Molecular characteristic of influenza virus A H5N1 Strains isolated from poultry in Kurgan Region in 2005 / O.I. Kiselev, V.M. Blinov, M.M. Pisareva [et al.] // Molekulyarnaya Biologiya. – 2008. – V. 42. – N 1. – P. 78–87. [in Russian]Govorkova, E.A. Lethality to ferrets of H5N1 influenza isolated from humans and poultry in 2004 / E.A. Govorkova [et al.] // Journal of Virology. – 2005. – V. 79. – P. 2191– 2198.Govorkova, E.A. Lethality to ferrets of H5N1 influenza isolated from humans and poultry in 2004 / E.A. Govorkova, J.E. Rehg, S. Krauss [et al.] // Journal of Virology. – 2005. – V. 79. – P. 2191–2198.Tong, S. A distinct lineage of influenza A virus from bats / S. Tong [et al.] // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. – 2012. – V. 109. – P. 4269–4274.Tong, S. A distinct lineage of influenza A virus from bats / S. Tong, Y. Li, P. Rivailler [et al.] // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. – 2012. – V. 109. – P. 4269–4274.Chowdhury, S. Mobilization of lymphoblasts from bone marrow to peripheral blood in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: role of 9-O-acetylated sialoglycoproteins / S. Chowdhury [et al.] // Leukemia Research. – 2012. – V. 36, N 2. – P. 146–155.Chowdhury, S. Mobilization of lymphoblasts from bone marrow to peripheral blood in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: role of 9-O-acetylated sialoglycoproteins / S. Chowdhury, C. Mandal, S. Sarkar [et al.] // Leukemia Research. – 2012. – V. 36. –N 2. – P. 146–155.Mandal, C. Regulation of O-acetylation of sialic acids by sialate-O-acetyltransferase and sialate-O-acetylesterase activities in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia / C. Mandal [et al.] // Glycobiology. – 2012 – V. 22, N 1. – P. 70–83.Mandal, C. Regulation of O-acetylation of sialic acids by sialate-O-acetyltransferase and sialate-O-acetylesterase activities in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia / C. Mandal, C. Mandal, S. Chandra [et al.] // Glycobiology. – 2012 – V. 22. – N 1. – P. 70–83.Suttajit, M. Effect of modification of N-acetylneuraminic acid on the binding of glycoproteins to influenza virus and on susceptibility to cleavage by neuraminidase / M. Suttajit, R.J. Winzler // Journal of Biological Chemistry. – 1971. – V. 246, N 10. – P. 3398–3404.Suttajit, M. Effect of modification of N-acetylneuraminic acid on the binding of glycoproteins to influenza virus and on susceptibility to cleavage by neuraminidase / M. Suttajit, R.J. Winzler // Journal of Biological Chemistry. – 1971. – V. 246. – N 10. – P. 3398–3404.Colman, P.M. Influenza virus neuraminidase: structure, antibodies, and inhibitors / P.M. Colman // Protein Science : monograph. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. – V. 3. – P. 1687–1696.Colman, P.M. Influenza virus neuraminidase: structure, antibodies, and inhibitors / P.M. Colman // Protein Science : monograph. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. – V. 3. – P. 1687–1696.Castrucci, M.R. Biological importance of neuraminidase stalk length in influenza A virus / M.R. Castrucci, Y. Kawaoka // Journal of Virology. – 1993. – V. 67, N 2. – P. 759–764.Castrucci, M.R. Biological importance of neuraminidase stalk length in influenza A virus / M.R. Castrucci, Y. Kawaoka // Journal of Virology. – 1993. – V. 67. – N 2. – P. 759–764.Els, M.C. An 18-amino acid deletion in an influenza neuraminidase / M.C. Els [et al.] // Virology. – 1985. – V. 142. – N 2. – P. 241–247.Els, M.C. An 18-amino acid deletion in an influenza neuraminidase / M.C. Els, G.M. Air, K.G. Murti [et al.] // Virology. – 1985. – V. 142. – N 2. – P. 241–247.Щелканов, М.Ю. Динамика вирулентности штаммов высоковирулентного вируса гриппа А / H5N1 генотипа 2.2, изолированных на территории России в 2005– 2007 гг. / М.Ю. Щелканов [и др.] // Вопросы вирусологии. – 2009. – Т. 54, No 2. – С. 8–17.Shchelkanov, M.Yu. Dynamics of virulence for highly virulent influenza A / H5N1 strains of genotype 2.2 isolated on the territory of Russia during 2005–2007 / Shchelkanov M. Yu., Prilipov A.G., Lvov D.K. [et al.] // Voprosy Virusologii. – 2009. – V. 54. – N 2. – P. 8–17. [in Russian]Ершов, Ф.И. Интерфероны и их индукторы (от молекул до лекарств) / Ф.И. Ершов, О.И. Киселёв. – М.: ГЭОТАР-МЕДИА, 2005. – 368 с.Ershov, F.I. Interferons and their inductors (from molecules to drug) / F.I. Ershov, O.I. Kiselev. – Moscow, 2005. – 368 p. [in Russian]Жирнов, О.П. Взаимодействие вирусов с клетками / О.П. Жирнов // Руководство по вирусологии. Вирусы и вирусные инфекции человека и животных : монография; под ред. Д.К. Львова. – М.: МИА, 2013. – С. 103–120.Zhirnov, O.P. Interactions between viruses and cells / O.P. Zhirnov // Handbook of Virology. Viruses and viral infections of humans and animals : monograph; ed. D.K. Lvov. – Moscow: Medical Information Agency, 2013. – P. 103–120. [in Russian]Qian, X.Y. An amino-terminal polypeptide fragment of the influenza virus NS1 protein possesses specific RNA-binding activity and largely helical backbone structure / X.Y. Qian, C.Y.Chien,Y.Lu[etal.]//RNA.–1995.–V.1,N9.– P. 948–956.Qian, X.Y. An amino-terminal polypeptide fragment of the influenza virus NS1 protein possesses specific RNA-binding activity and largely helical backbone structure / X.Y. Qian, C.Y.Chien,Y.Lu[etal.]//RNA.–1995.–V.1.–N9.– P. 948–956.Wang, W. RNA binding by the novel helical domain of the influenza virus NS1 protein requires its dimer structure and a small number of specific basic amino acids / W. Wang [et al.] // RNA. – 1999. – V. 5, N 2. – P. 195–205.Wang, W. RNA binding by the novel helical domain of the influenza virus NS1 protein requires its dimer structure and a small number of specific basic amino acids / W. Wang, K.Riedel,P.Lynch[etal.]//RNA.–1999.–V.5.–N2.– P. 195–205.Bui, M. Nucleo-cytoplasmic localization of influenza virus nucleoprotein depends on cell density and phosphorylation / M. Bui [et al.] // Virus Research. – 2002. – V. 84, N 1–2. – P. 37–44.Bui, M. Nucleo-cytoplasmic localization of influenza virus nucleoprotein depends on cell density and phosphorylation / M. Bui, J.E. Myers, G.R. Whittaker [et al.] // Virus Research. – 2002. – V. 84. – N 1–2. – P. 37–44.Cianci, C. Targeting a binding pocket within the trimerof-hairpins: small-molecule inhibition of viral fusion / C. Cianci [et al.] // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. – 2004. – V. 101, N 42. – P. 15046–15051.Cianci, C. Targeting a binding pocket within the trimerof-hairpins: small-molecule inhibition of viral fusion / C. Cianci, D.R. Langley, D.D. Dischino [et al.] // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. – 2004. – V. 101. – N 42. – P. 15046–15051.Li, W.X. Interferon antagonist proteins of influenza and vaccinia viruses are suppressors of RNA silencing / W.X. Li [et al.] // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. – 2004. – V. 101, N 5. – P. 1350–1355.Li, W.X. Interferon antagonist proteins of influenza and vaccinia viruses are suppressors of RNA silencing / W.X. Li, H. Li, R. Lu [et al.] // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. – 2004. – V. 101. – N 5. – P. 1350–1355.Jiao, P. A single-amino-acid substitution in the NS1 protein changes the pathogenicity of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in mice / P. Jiao [et al.] // Journal of Virology. – 2008. – V. 82. – N 3. – P. 1146–1154.Jiao, P. A single-amino-acid substitution in the NS1 protein changes the pathogenicity of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in mice / P. Jiao, G. Tian, Y. Li [et al.] // Journal of Virology. – 2008. – V. 82. – N 3. – P. 1146–1154.Long, J.X. Virulence of H5N1 avian influenza virus enhanced by a 15-nucleotide deletion in the viral nonstructural gene / J.X. Long [et al.] // Virus Genes. – 2008. – V. 36, N 3. – P. 471–478.Long, J.X. Virulence of H5N1 avian influenza virus enhanced by a 15-nucleotide deletion in the viral nonstructural gene / J.X. Long, D.X. Peng, Y.L. Liu [et al.] // Virus Genes. – 2008. – V. 36. – N 3. – P. 471–478.Li, M. Homology modeling and examination of the effect of the D92E mutation on the H5N1 nonstructural protein NS1 effector domain / M. Li, B. Wang // Journal of Molecular Modeling. – 2007. – V. 13, N 12. – P. 1237–1244.Li, M. Homology modeling and examination of the effect of the D92E mutation on the H5N1 nonstructural protein NS1 effector domain / M. Li, B. Wang // Journal of Molecular Modeling. – 2007. – V. 13. – N 12. – P. 1237–1244.Li, Z. The NS1 gene contributes to the virulence of H5N1 avian influenza viruses / Z. Li [et al.] // Journal of Virology. – 2006. – V. 80, N 22. – P. 11115–11123.Li, Z. The NS1 gene contributes to the virulence of H5N1 avian influenza viruses / Z. Li, Y. Jiang, P. Jiao [et al.] // Journal of Virology. – 2006. – V. 80. – N 22. – P. 11115–11123.Jackson, D. A new influenza virus virulence determinant: the NS1 protein four C-terminal residues modulate pathogenicity / D. Jackson [et al.] // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. – 2008. – V. 105, N 11. – P. 4381–4386.Jackson, D. A new influenza virus virulence determinant: the NS1 protein four C-terminal residues modulate pathogenicity / D. Jackson, M.J. Hossain, D. Hickman [et al.] // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. – 2008. – V. 105. – N 11. – P. 4381–4386.Coleman, J.R. The PB1-F2 protein of Influenza A virus: increasing pathogenicity by disrupting alveolar macrophages / J.R. Coleman // Virology Journal. – 2007. – V. 4, N 9. – P. 1–5.Coleman, J.R. The PB1-F2 protein of Influenza A virus: increasing pathogenicity by disrupting alveolar macrophages / J.R. Coleman // Virology Journal. – 2007. – V. 4. – N 9. – P. 1–5.Zamarin, D. Influenza A virus PB1-F2 protein contributes to viral pathogenesis in mice / D. Zamarin, M.B. Ortigoza, P. Palese // Journal Virology. – 2006. – V. 80, N 16. – P. 7976– 7983.Zamarin, D. Influenza A virus PB1-F2 protein contributes to viral pathogenesis in mice / D. Zamarin, M.B. Ortigoza, P. Palese // Journal Virology. – 2006. – V. 80. – N 16. – P. 7976– 7983.Sethi, S. Bacterial pneumonia. Managing a deadly complication of influenza in older adults with comorbid disease / S. Sethi // Geriatrics. – 2002. – V. 57, N 3. – P. 56–61.Sethi, S. Bacterial pneumonia. Managing a deadly complication of influenza in older adults with comorbid disease/S.Sethi //Geriatrics.–2002.–V.57.–N3.– P. 56–61.Sullivan, K.M. Epidemiology of Reye’s syndrome, United States, 1991–1994: comparison of CDC surveillance and hospital admission data / K.M. Sullivan [et al.] // Neuroepidemiology. – 2000. – V. 19, N 6. – P. 338–344.Sullivan, K.M. Epidemiology of Reye’s syndrome, United States, 1991–1994: comparison of CDC surveillance and hospital admission data / K.M. Sullivan, E.D. Belay, R.E. Durbin [et al.] // Neuroepidemiology. – 2000. – V. 19. – N 6. – P. 338–344.Chen, W. A novel influenza A virus mitochondrial protein that induces cell death / W. Chen [et al.] // Natural Medicine. – 2001. – V. 7. – P. 1306–1312.Chen, W. A novel influenza A virus mitochondrial protein that induces cell death / W. Chen, P.A. Calvo, D. Malide [et al.] // Natural Medicine. – 2001. – V. 7. – P. 1306–1312.Zell, R. Prevalence of PB1-F2 of influenza A viruses / R. Zell [et al.] // Journal of General Virology. – 2007. – V. 88. – Pt. 2. – P. 536–546.Zell, R. Prevalence of PB1-F2 of influenza A viruses / R. Zell, A. Krumbholz, A. Eitner [et al.] // Journal of General Virology. – 2007. – V. 88. – Pt. 2. – P. 536–546.Yamada, H. Mitochondrial targeting sequence of the influenza A virus PB1-F2 protein and its function in mitochondria / H. Yamada [et al.] // FEBS Letters. – 2004. – V. 578, N 3. – P. 331–336.Yamada, H. Mitochondrial targeting sequence of the influenza A virus PB1-F2 protein and its function in mitochondria / H. Yamada, R. Chounan, Y. Higashi [et al.] // FEBS Letters. – 2004. – V. 578. – N 3. – P. 331–336.Gibbs, J.S. The Influenza A virus PB1-F2 protein targets the inner mitochondrial membrane via a predicted basic amphipathic helix that disrupts mitochondrial function / J.S. Gibbs [et al.] // Journal of Virology. – 2003. – V. 77, N 13. – P. 7214–7224.Gibbs, J.S. The Influenza A virus PB1-F2 protein targets the inner mitochondrial membrane via a predicted basic amphipathic helix that disrupts mitochondrial function / J.S. Gibbs, D. Malide, F. Hornung [et al.] // Journal of Virology. – 2003. – V. 77. – N 13. – P. 7214–7224.Conenello, G.M. A single mutation in the PB1-F2 of H5N1 (HK/97) and 1918 Influenza A viruses contributes to increased virulence / G.M. Conenello [et al.] // PLoS Pathogens. – 2007. – V. 3, N 10. – P. 1414–1421.Conenello, G.M. A single mutation in the PB1-F2 of H5N1 (HK/97) and 1918 Influenza A viruses contributes to increased virulence / G.M. Conenello, D. Zamarin, L.A. Perrone [et al.] // PLoS Pathogens. – 2007. – V. 3. – N 10. – P. 1414–1421.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.