<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">jofin</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал инфектологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal Infectology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-6732</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IPO “АIDSSPbR"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22625/2072-6732-2014-6-3-15-26</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">jofin-335</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ЭНЦЕФАЛИТ НИПА – ОПАСНЫЙ ЗООАНТРОПОНОЗ ИНДОМАЛАЙЗИЙСКОГО РЕГИОНА ЮГО-ВОСТОЧНОЙ АЗИИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nipah Encephalitis – A Dangerous Zooanthroponosis Of Indo-Malaysian Region Of South-Еast Asia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лукин</surname><given-names>Е. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lukin</surname><given-names>E. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ведущий научный сотрудник 48-го Центрального научно-исследовательского института Министерства обороны Российской Федерации, д.м.н., профессор; тел.: 8(496)552-12-09</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">eugenios1705@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>48-й Центральный научно-исследовательский институт Министерства обороны Российской Федерации, г. Сергиев Посад (Московская область)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>48 Central Science Research Institute of Ministry of Defense of Russian Federation, Sergiev Posad (Moscow Region)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>10</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лукин Е.П., 2014</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лукин Е.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lukin E.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.niidi.ru/jofin/article/view/335">https://journal.niidi.ru/jofin/article/view/335</self-uri><abstract><p>Представлена информация о новом зооантропонозе, клинике и профилактике энцефалита Нипа. Приведены сведения о возбудителе, его экологии, клинике заболевания. Цель анализа – ознакомить отечественных специалистов (эпидемиологов, инфекционистов, неврологов, санитарных и ветеринарных врачей) с новым опасным заболеванием, не известным в России. Метод исследования – аналитический. Инфекция у людей впервые описана в Малайзии (1999 г.), затем –в Бангладеш (2004 г.) и Индии (2006 г.). Возбудитель идентифицирован как новый представитель парамиксовирусов и вместе с родственным ему вирусом Хендра обособлен в новый род Henipavirus семейства Paramyxoviridae (2000 г.). Резервуар вируса в природе – рукокрылые крыланы, преимущественно летучие лисицы 8 родов Pteropus, вторичный – домашние свиньи. Вирус Нипа высококонтагиозен для человека и свиней. Последние выступают как амплификатор и резервуар вируса. Для заболевания у людей характерна картина острого энцефалита и легочной недостаточности. Быстро развивается кома, летальность – до 92,0%. Нередко происходит передача возбудителя от человека к человеку с развитием вспышки заболевания. Специфическое лечение не разработано, профилактика – неспецифическая.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review provides information on a new zooanthroponosis – Nipah encephalitis. Characteristics of the pathogen and its ecology and clinic are presented. The purpose of the review is to get Russian specialist acquainted with new dangerous disease unknown in Russia. The research method – analytical. Infection by humans were first described in Malaysia (1999), after in Bangladesh (2004) and India (2006). The causative agent was identified as a new member of paramyxoviruses and then, together with related Hendra virus, separated in a new genus Henipavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae (2000). Reservoir in nature – fruit bats, predominantly carnivorous flying foxes of 8 species of the genus Pteropus, secondary reservoir – domestic pigs. Nipah virus is highly contagious for humans and swine. The last act as amplifying and reservoir host. The disease inhumans is characterized by symptoms and signs of acute encephalitis and pulmonary insufficiency. Rapidly developing coma, lethality – up to 92,0%. Outbreaks with transmission of the virus from person-to-person are known. Specific treatment has not been developed, prevention is nonspecific.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>энцефалит Нипа</kwd><kwd>эпидемиология</kwd><kwd>экология</kwd><kwd>клиника</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Nipah virus encephalitis</kwd><kwd>epidemiology</kwd><kwd>ecology</kwd><kwd>clinic</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berillo S.A., Demina O.K., Ternovoy V.A., et al. Epidemiologiya i infektsionnyye bolezni. 2012;4:12-15 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berillo S.A., Demina O.K., Ternovoy V.A., et al. Epidemiologiya i infektsionnyye bolezni. 2012;4:12-15 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Panning M, Grywna K, Van Esbroeck M, et al. Chikungunya fever in travelers returning to Europe from Indian Ocean region, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):416-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panning M, Grywna K, Van Esbroeck M, et al. Chikungunya fever in travelers returning to Europe from Indian Ocean region, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3):416-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Field H, Young P, Job JM, et al. The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses. Microbes Infect. 2001;3:307-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Field H, Young P, Job JM, et al. The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses. Microbes Infect. 2001;3:307-14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mackenzie JC, Chua KB, Daniels P, et al. Emerging viral diseases of Southern Asia and the Western Pacific. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(1)(Suppl.):497-504.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mackenzie JC, Chua KB, Daniels P, et al. Emerging viral diseases of Southern Asia and the Western Pacific. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(1)(Suppl.):497-504.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Breed AC, Meers J, Sendow I, et al. The distribution of Henipavirus in Southeast Asia and Australia: is Wallace’s line a barrier to Nipah virus. PLOS ONE. 2013;8(4):e61316. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061316.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Breed AC, Meers J, Sendow I, et al. The distribution of Henipavirus in Southeast Asia and Australia: is Wallace’s line a barrier to Nipah virus. PLOS ONE. 2013;8(4):e61316. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061316.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kurup A. From bats to pigs to man: the story of the Nipah virus. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2002;11(2):52-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurup A. From bats to pigs to man: the story of the Nipah virus. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2002;11(2):52-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farrar JJ. Nipah-virus encephalitis – investigation of a new infection. Lancet. 1999;354(9186):1222-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farrar JJ. Nipah-virus encephalitis – investigation of a new infection. Lancet. 1999;354(9186):1222-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chua KB. Epidemiology, surveillance and control of Nipah virus infections in Malaysia. Malaysian J Pathol. 2010;2(32):69-73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chua KB. Epidemiology, surveillance and control of Nipah virus infections in Malaysia. Malaysian J Pathol. 2010;2(32):69-73.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johara MY, Field H, Rashdi AM, et al. Nipah virus infection in bats (order Chiroptera) in Peninsular Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(3):439-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johara MY, Field H, Rashdi AM, et al. Nipah virus infection in bats (order Chiroptera) in Peninsular Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(3):439-41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chua KB, Bellini WJ, Rota PA, et al. Nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus. Science.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chua KB, Bellini WJ, Rota PA, et al. Nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus. Science.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">;5470(288):1432-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">;5470(288):1432-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chua KB, Goh KJ, Wong KT, et al. Fatal encephalitis due to Nipah virus among pig-farmers in Malaysia. Lancet. 1999;9186(354):1257-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chua KB, Goh KJ, Wong KT, et al. Fatal encephalitis due to Nipah virus among pig-farmers in Malaysia. Lancet. 1999;9186(354):1257-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mounts AW, Kaur H, Parashar UD, et al. A cohort study of health care workers to assess nosocomial transmissibility of Nipah virus, Malaysia, 1999. J Infect Dis. 2001;183(5):810-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mounts AW, Kaur H, Parashar UD, et al. A cohort study of health care workers to assess nosocomial transmissibility of Nipah virus, Malaysia, 1999. J Infect Dis. 2001;183(5):810-13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ali R, Mounts AW, Parashar UD, et al. Nipah virus infection among military personnel involved in pig culling during an outbreak of encephalitis in Malaysia, 1998–1999. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(4):759-61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ali R, Mounts AW, Parashar UD, et al. Nipah virus infection among military personnel involved in pig culling during an outbreak of encephalitis in Malaysia, 1998–1999. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(4):759-61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harcourt BH, Lowe L, Tamin A., et al. Genetic characterization of Nipah virus, Bangladesh, in 2004. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(10):1594-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harcourt BH, Lowe L, Tamin A., et al. Genetic characterization of Nipah virus, Bangladesh, in 2004. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(10):1594-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maisner A, Neufeld J, Weingartl H. Organ- and endotheliotropism of Nipah virus infections in vivo and in vitro. Thromb Haemost. 2009;102:1014-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maisner A, Neufeld J, Weingartl H. Organ- and endotheliotropism of Nipah virus infections in vivo and in vitro. Thromb Haemost. 2009;102:1014-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Geisbert TW, Daddario-DiCaprio KM, Hickey AC, et al. Development of acute and highly pathogenic nonhuman primate model of Nipah virus infection. PLOS ONE. 2010;5(5):article ID e10690.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geisbert TW, Daddario-DiCaprio KM, Hickey AC, et al. Development of acute and highly pathogenic nonhuman primate model of Nipah virus infection. PLOS ONE. 2010;5(5):article ID e10690.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rahman SA, Hassan L, Epstein JH, et al. Risk factor for Nipah virus infection among Pteropid bats Peninsular Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):51-60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahman SA, Hassan L, Epstein JH, et al. Risk factor for Nipah virus infection among Pteropid bats Peninsular Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):51-60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aljofan M. Hendra and Nipah infection: emerging paramyxoviruses. Virus Res. 2013;177(2):119-26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aljofan M. Hendra and Nipah infection: emerging paramyxoviruses. Virus Res. 2013;177(2):119-26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arankalle VA, Bandyopadhyay BT, Ramdasi AY, et al. Genomic Characterization of Nipah virus, West Bengal, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(5):907-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arankalle VA, Bandyopadhyay BT, Ramdasi AY, et al. Genomic Characterization of Nipah virus, West Bengal, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(5):907-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lo MK, Lowe L, Hummel KB, et al. Characterization of Nipah virus from outbreaks in Bangladesh, 2008–2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):248-55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lo MK, Lowe L, Hummel KB, et al. Characterization of Nipah virus from outbreaks in Bangladesh, 2008–2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(2):248-55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">AbuBakar S, Chang L-Y, Ali A.R.M, et al. Isolation and molecular identification of Nipah virus from pigs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(12):2228-30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">AbuBakar S, Chang L-Y, Ali A.R.M, et al. Isolation and molecular identification of Nipah virus from pigs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(12):2228-30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Epstein JH, Prakash V, Smith С.S., et al. Henipavirus infection in fruit bats (Pteropus giganteus), India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(8):1309-11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Epstein JH, Prakash V, Smith С.S., et al. Henipavirus infection in fruit bats (Pteropus giganteus), India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(8):1309-11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luby SP, Rahman M, Hossain MJ, et al. Foodborne transmission of Nipah virus, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect. Dis. 2006;12(12):1888-95.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luby SP, Rahman M, Hossain MJ, et al. Foodborne transmission of Nipah virus, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect. Dis. 2006;12(12):1888-95.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rockx B, Bossart KN, Feldmann F, et al. A novel model of lethal Hendra virus infection in African green monkeys and effectiveness of ribavirin trearment. J Virol. 2010;19(84):9831-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rockx B, Bossart KN, Feldmann F, et al. A novel model of lethal Hendra virus infection in African green monkeys and effectiveness of ribavirin trearment. J Virol. 2010;19(84):9831-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chong HT, Kamarulzaman A, Tan CT, et al. Treatment of acute Nipah encephalitis with ribavirin. Ann Neurol. 2001;49(6):810-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chong HT, Kamarulzaman A, Tan CT, et al. Treatment of acute Nipah encephalitis with ribavirin. Ann Neurol. 2001;49(6):810-13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marianneau P, Guillaume V, Wong KT, et al. Experimental infection of squirrel monkeys with Nipah virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):507-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marianneau P, Guillaume V, Wong KT, et al. Experimental infection of squirrel monkeys with Nipah virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):507-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clayton BA, Middleton D, Bergfeld J, et al. Transmission routes for Nipah virus from Malaysia and Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(12):1983-93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clayton BA, Middleton D, Bergfeld J, et al. Transmission routes for Nipah virus from Malaysia and Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(12):1983-93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chadha MS, Comer JA, Lowe L, et al. Nipah virus-associated encephalitis outbreak, Siliguri, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(2):235-40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chadha MS, Comer JA, Lowe L, et al. Nipah virus-associated encephalitis outbreak, Siliguri, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(2):235-40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olson JG, Rupprecht C, Rollin PE., et al. Antibodies to Nipah-like virus in bats (Pteropus lylei), Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8(9):987-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olson JG, Rupprecht C, Rollin PE., et al. Antibodies to Nipah-like virus in bats (Pteropus lylei), Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8(9):987-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reynes JM, Counor D, Ong S, et al. Nipah virus in Lyle’s flying foxes, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(7):1042-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reynes JM, Counor D, Ong S, et al. Nipah virus in Lyle’s flying foxes, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(7):1042-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sendow I, Ratnawati A, Taylor T, et al. Nipah virus in the fruit bat Pteropus vampyrus in Sumatera, Indonesia. PLOS ONE. 013;8(7):e69544.doi:10.1371/journal.pone0069544.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sendow I, Ratnawati A, Taylor T, et al. Nipah virus in the fruit bat Pteropus vampyrus in Sumatera, Indonesia. PLOS ONE. 013;8(7):e69544.doi:10.1371/journal.pone0069544.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y, Wang J, Hickey A, et al. Antibodies to Nipah or Nipah-like viruses in bats, China. Emerg Infect Dis.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y, Wang J, Hickey A, et al. Antibodies to Nipah or Nipah-like viruses in bats, China. Emerg Infect Dis.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">;14(12):1974-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">;14(12):1974-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wacharapluesadee S, Lumlertdacha B, Boongird K., et al. Bat Nipah virus, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(12):1949-51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wacharapluesadee S, Lumlertdacha B, Boongird K., et al. Bat Nipah virus, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(12):1949-51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hasebe F, Thuy NT, Inoue S, et al. Serologic evidence of Nipah virus infection in bats, Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(3):536-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hasebe F, Thuy NT, Inoue S, et al. Serologic evidence of Nipah virus infection in bats, Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(3):536-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Montgomery JM, Hossain MJ, Gurley E, et al. Risk factors for Nipah virus encephalitis in Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(10):1526-32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Montgomery JM, Hossain MJ, Gurley E, et al. Risk factors for Nipah virus encephalitis in Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(10):1526-32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luby SP, Hossain MJ, Gurley ES, et al. Reccurent zoonotic transmission of Nipah virus into humans, Bangladesh, 2001–2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(8):1229-35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luby SP, Hossain MJ, Gurley ES, et al. Reccurent zoonotic transmission of Nipah virus into humans, Bangladesh, 2001–2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(8):1229-35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Epstein JH, Rahman SA, Zambriski JA, et al. Feral cats and risk for Nipah virus transmission. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(7):1178-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Epstein JH, Rahman SA, Zambriski JA, et al. Feral cats and risk for Nipah virus transmission. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(7):1178-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mills JN, Alim ANM, Bunning ML, et al. Nipah virus infection in dogs, Malaysia, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(6):950-52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mills JN, Alim ANM, Bunning ML, et al. Nipah virus infection in dogs, Malaysia, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(6):950-52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goh KJ, Tan CT, Chew NK, et al. Clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in Malaysia. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(17):1229-35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goh KJ, Tan CT, Chew NK, et al. Clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in Malaysia. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(17):1229-35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sazzad HMS, Hossain MJ, Gurley ES, et al. Nipah virus infection outbreak with nosocomial and corpseto-human transmission, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(2):2010-17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sazzad HMS, Hossain MJ, Gurley ES, et al. Nipah virus infection outbreak with nosocomial and corpseto-human transmission, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(2):2010-17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsu VP, Hossain MJ, Parashar UD, et al. Nipah virus encephalitis reemergence, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(12):2082-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hsu VP, Hossain MJ, Parashar UD, et al. Nipah virus encephalitis reemergence, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(12):2082-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gurley ES, Montgomery JM, Hossain MJ, et al. Personto-person transmission of Nipah virus in a Bangladeshi community. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(7):1031-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gurley ES, Montgomery JM, Hossain MJ, et al. Personto-person transmission of Nipah virus in a Bangladeshi community. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(7):1031-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hossain MJ, Gurley ES, Montgomery JM, et al. Clinical presentation of Nipah virus infection in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(7):977-84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hossain MJ, Gurley ES, Montgomery JM, et al. Clinical presentation of Nipah virus infection in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(7):977-84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mathieu C, Pohl C, Szecsi J, et al. Nipah virus uses leukocytes for efficient dissemination within a host. J Virol. 2011;85(15):7863-71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mathieu C, Pohl C, Szecsi J, et al. Nipah virus uses leukocytes for efficient dissemination within a host. J Virol. 2011;85(15):7863-71.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Escaffre O, Borisevich V, Rockx В. Pathogenesis of Hendra and Nipah virus infection in humans. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2013;7(4);308-11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Escaffre O, Borisevich V, Rockx В. Pathogenesis of Hendra and Nipah virus infection in humans. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2013;7(4);308-11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong KT, Shieh WJ, Kumar S, et al. Nipah virus infection: pathology and pathogenesis of an emerging paramyxoviral zoonosis. Am J Pathol. 2002;161(6):2153-67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong KT, Shieh WJ, Kumar S, et al. Nipah virus infection: pathology and pathogenesis of an emerging paramyxoviral zoonosis. Am J Pathol. 2002;161(6):2153-67.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sejvar JJ, Hossain J, Saha SK, et al. Long-term neurological and functional outcome of Nipah virus infection. Ann Neurol. 2007;62(3):235-42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sejvar JJ, Hossain J, Saha SK, et al. Long-term neurological and functional outcome of Nipah virus infection. Ann Neurol. 2007;62(3):235-42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paton NI, Leo YS, Zaki SR, et al. Outbreak of Nipah virus infection among abattoir workers in Singapore. Lancet. 1999;354(9186):1253-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paton NI, Leo YS, Zaki SR, et al. Outbreak of Nipah virus infection among abattoir workers in Singapore. Lancet. 1999;354(9186):1253-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolevich S.B., Voynov V.A. Molecular mechanisms in the pathology of humans: Guidelines for physicians. Moscow: Medical information agency, 2012. P. 65-131 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolevich S.B., Voynov V.A. Molecular mechanisms in the pathology of humans: Guidelines for physicians. Moscow: Medical information agency, 2012. P. 65-131 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lukin E.P., Vorobyov A.A., Makhlay A.A. Vestnik Rossiyskoy Akademii meditsinskikh nauk. 1999;12:7-13 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lukin E.P., Vorobyov A.A., Makhlay A.A. Vestnik Rossiyskoy Akademii meditsinskikh nauk. 1999;12:7-13 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simbirtsev A.S. Meditsinskiy akademicheskiy zhurnal. 2013;13(3):18-41 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simbirtsev A.S. Meditsinskiy akademicheskiy zhurnal. 2013;13(3):18-41 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lam SK, Chua KB. Nipah virus encephalitis outbreak in Malaysia. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(suppl.2):48-51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lam SK, Chua KB. Nipah virus encephalitis outbreak in Malaysia. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(suppl.2):48-51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harit AK, Ichhpujani RL, Gupta S, et al. Nipah/Hendra virus outbreak in Siliguri, West Bengal, India in 2001. Indian J Med Res. 2006;123(4):553-60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harit AK, Ichhpujani RL, Gupta S, et al. Nipah/Hendra virus outbreak in Siliguri, West Bengal, India in 2001. Indian J Med Res. 2006;123(4):553-60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chua KB, Lam SK, Goh KJ, et al. The Presence of Nipah virus in respiratory secretions and urine of patients during an outbreak of Nipah virus encephalitis in Malaysia. J Infect. 2001;42(1):40-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chua KB, Lam SK, Goh KJ, et al. The Presence of Nipah virus in respiratory secretions and urine of patients during an outbreak of Nipah virus encephalitis in Malaysia. J Infect. 2001;42(1):40-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdullah S, Chang L-Y, Rahmat K, et al. Late-onset Nipah virus encephalitis 11 years after initial outbreak: a case report. Neurology Asia.2012:17(1):71-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdullah S, Chang L-Y, Rahmat K, et al. Late-onset Nipah virus encephalitis 11 years after initial outbreak: a case report. Neurology Asia.2012:17(1):71-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gourie-Devi M. Clinical aspects and experience in the management of Japanese encephalitis. In: Proceedings of the National Conference on Japanese Encephalitis, November 3–4, 1982. New Delhi;1984.p.25-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gourie-Devi M. Clinical aspects and experience in the management of Japanese encephalitis. In: Proceedings of the National Conference on Japanese Encephalitis, November 3–4, 1982. New Delhi;1984.p.25-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarkari NBS, Barthwal SP, Gupta AK, et al. A clinical appraisal of two epidemics of Japanese encephalitis in eastern Uttar Pradesh. In: Proceedings of the National Conference on Japanese Encephalitis, November 3–4, 1982. New Delhi;1984.p.34-40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarkari NBS, Barthwal SP, Gupta AK, et al. A clinical appraisal of two epidemics of Japanese encephalitis in eastern Uttar Pradesh. In: Proceedings of the National Conference on Japanese Encephalitis, November 3–4, 1982. New Delhi;1984.p.34-40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
