jofinЖурнал инфектологииJournal Infectology2072-6732IPO “АIDSSPbR"10.22625/2072-6732-2025-17-3-13-23jofin-1846Research ArticleОБЗОРREVIEWКлинико-эпидемиологическое значение пегивируса (вируса гепатита G) в течении ВИЧ-инфекции и других инфекционных и неинфекционных заболеванийClinical and epidemiological significance of pegivirus (virus hepatitis G) in patients with HIV infection and other infectious and non-infectious diseasesПименовД. А.PimenovD. A.

Пименов Данила Андреевич – аспирант первого года кафедры инфекционных болезней.

Нижний Новгород

тел.: +7-910-120-60-81

Nizhny Novgorod

Danila2Pimenov@gmail.comНечаеваД. А.NechayevaD. A.

Нечаева Дарья Михайловна – студентка 6 курса медико-профилактического факультета.

Нижний Новгород

тел.: +7-953-552-74-59

Nizhny Novgorod

dasha2999.net@gmail.comСоболевскаяО. Л.SobolevskayaO. L.

Соболевская Оксана Львовна – профессор кафедры инфекционных болезней, д.м.н., доцент.

Нижний Новгород

тел.: +7-910-396-91-37

Nizhny Novgorod

sol5584@yandex.ruКрасновВ. В.KrasnovV. V.

Краснов Виктор Валентинович – заведующий кафедрой инфекционных болезней, д.м.н., профессор.

Нижний Новгород

тел.: +7-910-142-95-56

Nizhny Novgorod

Dr.krasnov@mail.ruЛевинаЕ. А.LevinaE. A.

Левина Елена Алексеевна – студентка 6 курса медико-профилактического факультета.

Нижний Новгород

тел.: +7-910-108-80-32

Nizhny Novgorod

levinaelenaaa@yandex.ruПриволжский исследовательский медицинский университетРоссияPrivolzhsky Research Medical UniversityRussian Federation2025220920251731323Copyright © Пименов Д.А., Нечаева Д.А., Соболевская О.Л., Краснов В.В., Левина Е.А., 20252025Пименов Д.А., Нечаева Д.А., Соболевская О.Л., Краснов В.В., Левина Е.А.Pimenov D.A., Nechayeva D.A., Sobolevskaya O.L., Krasnov V.V., Levina E.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.niidi.ru/jofin/article/view/1846

Цель обзора – анализ современных научных данных об инфекции, вызываемой пегивирусом человека 1 типа (HPgV-1). Рассмотрены строение вируса, эпидемиология, пути передачи инфекции, особенности патогенеза, влияние на развитие различных заболеваний человека, а также современные методы диагностики и подходы к терапии HPgV-инфекции. Проведен поиск научных публикаций в электронных базах данных: PubMed, Elibrary, Киберленинка, Scopus, по ключевым словам: «Human pegivirus», «HPgV», «GBV-C», «Hepatitis G virus» за период с 1990-х гг. по ноябрь 2024 г. Критериями включения были оригинальные исследовательские статьи, обзорные работы и мета-анализы, посвященные изучению HPgV-1 и опубликованные на русском и английском языках. Отбор статей проводился в 2 этапа: первичный отбор по заголовкам и аннотациям, затем – полнотекстовый анализ статей, соответствующих критериям включения.

HPgV-1 представляет собой лимфотропный РНК-вирус семейства Flaviviridae, характеризующийся глобальным распространением. Общая распространенность инфекции составляет около 3,1%, с вариациями в зависимости от географического региона. Основные пути передачи вируса: парентеральный, вертикальный и половой. Для диагностики HPgV-инфекции применяются полимеразная цепная реакция и иммуноферментный анализ. В настоящее время специфическое противовирусное лечение не разработано. Важным клиническим аспектом является модулирующее влияние HPgV-1 на течение ВИЧ-инфекции, проявляющееся в замедлении прогрессирования заболевания и увеличении количества CD4+ лимфоцитов. Обсуждается возможная связь инфекции HPgV-1 с повышенным риском развития неходжкинской лимфомы и нейроинфекций, однако эти данные требуют дальнейшего подтверждения.

Заключение: инфекция, вызываемая HPgV-1, является значимой темой общественного здравоохранения и биомедицинских исследований ввиду широкой распространенности и потенциального влияния на течение различных заболеваний, в особенности ВИЧ-инфекции. Протективный эффект HPgV-1 в отношении вируса иммунодефицита человека открывает новые перспективы для разработки терапевтических стратегий. Необходимы дальнейшие углубленные исследования патогенеза HPgV-1 и его клинической роли при различных заболеваниях.

Purpose – to analyse current scientific data on Human pegivirus type 1 (HPgV-1) infection. The review examines virus structure, epidemiology, transmission routes, pathogenesis features, impact on various human diseases, modern diagnostic methods, and therapeutic approaches for HPgV infection. A search of scientific publications was conducted in PubMed, Elibrary, CyberLeninka, and Scopus using keywords «Human pegivirus», «HPgV», «GBV-C», «Hepatitis G virus» for 1990-November 2024. Inclusion criteria were original research articles, reviews, and meta-analyses on HPgV-1 in Russian and English. Article selection was two-staged: initial screening by titles and abstracts, then full-text analysis of articles meeting criteria.

HPgV-1 is a lymphotropic RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family, globally distributed with an overall infection prevalence of approximately 3,1%, varying regionally. Main transmission routes are parenteral, vertical, and sexual. Diagnostic methods are PCR and ELISA. No specific antiviral treatment is currently developed. A significant clinical aspect is HPgV-1’s modulating effect on HIV infection, slowing disease progression and increasing CD4+ lymphocyte counts. A possible association with increased risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and neuroinfections is discussed, but these data need further confirmation.

Conclusion: HPgV-1 infection is a significant public health and biomedical research problem due to its wide prevalence and potential impact on various diseases, especially HIV. The protective effect of HPgV-1 against HIV offers new perspectives for therapeutic strategies. Further in-depth studies are needed to understand HPgV-1 pathogenesis mechanisms and clinical role in various pathologies.

пегивирус человека 1HPgV-1вирус гепатита Gпегивирусная инфекцияВИЧ-инфекцияHuman pegivirus 1HPgV-1Hepatitis G virusPegivirus infectionHIV infectionReferencesThe GB viruses: a review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae / J. T. Stapleton, S. Foung, A. S. Muerhoff [et al.] // Journal of General Virology. – 2011. – Vol. 92, Pt 2. – P. 233–246. – DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.027490-0.Stapleton J.T., Foung S., Muerhoff A.S., et al. The GB viruses: a review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae. Journal of General Virology. 2011; 92(2): 233–246. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.027490-0.Proposed update to the taxonomy of the genera Hepacivirus and Pegivirus within the Flaviviridae family / D. B. Smith, P. Becher, J. Bukh [et al.] // Journal of General Virology. – 2016. – Vol. 97, № 11. – P. 2894–2907. – DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000612.Smith D.B., Becher P., Bukh J., et al. Proposed update to the taxonomy of the genera Hepacivirus and Pegivirus within the Flaviviridae family. Journal of General Virology. 2016; 97(11): 2894–2907. DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000612.Adams, M. J. Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2013) / M. J. Adams, A. M. Q. King, E. B. Carstens // Archives of Virology. – 2013. – Vol. 158, № 9. – P. 2023–2030. – DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1688-5.Adams M.J., King A.M.Q., Carstens E.B. Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2013). Archives of Virology. 2013; 158(9): 2023–2030. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1688-5.A Novel Human Pegivirus, HPgV-2 (HHpgV-1), Is Tightly Associated With Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection and HCV/ Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Coinfection / H. Wang, Z. Wan, R. Xu [et al.] // Clinical Infectious Diseases. – 2018. – Vol. 66, № 1. – P. 29–35. – DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix748.Wang H., Wan Z., Xu R., et al. A Novel Human Pegivirus, HPgV-2 (HHpgV-1), Is Tightly Associated With Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection and HCV/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Coinfection. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2018; 66(1): 29–35. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix748.Stapleton, J. T. GB virus type C/Hepatitis G virus / J. T. Stapleton // Seminars in Liver Disease. – 2003. – Vol. 23, № 2. – P. 137–148. – DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-39943.Stapleton J.T. GB virus type C/Hepatitis G virus. Seminars in Liver Disease. 2003; 23(2): 137–148. DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-39943.Marano, G. The human pegivirus: a new name for an “ancient” virus / G. Marano, M. Franchini, B. Farina // Acta Virologica. – 2017. – Vol. 61, № 4. – P. 401–412. – DOI: 10.4149/av_2017_04_401.Marano G., Franchini M., Farina B. The human pegivirus: a new name for an “ancient” virus. Acta Virologica. 2017; 61(4): 401–412. DOI: 10.4149/av_2017_04_401.Bats are a major natural reservoir for hepaciviruses and pegiviruses / P.-L. Quan, C. Firth, J. M. Conte [et al.] // PNAS. – 2013. – Vol. 110, № 20. – P. 8194–8199. – DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303037110.Quan P.-L., Firth C., Conte J.M., et al. Bats are a major natural reservoir for hepaciviruses and pegiviruses. PNAS. 2013; 110(20): 8194–8199. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303037110.Characterization of hepatitis G virus (GB-C Virus) particles: evidence for a nucleocapsid and expression of sequences upstream of the E1 protein / J. Xiang, D. Klinzman, J. McLinden [et al.] // Journal of Virology. – 1998. – Vol. 72, № 4. – P. 2738–2744. – DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.4.2738-2744.1998.Xiang J., Klinzman D., McLinden J., et al. Characterization of hepatitis G virus (GB-C Virus) particles: evidence for a nucleocapsid and expression of sequences upstream of the E1 protein. Journal of Virology. 1998; 72(4): 2738–2744. DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.4.2738-2744.1998.Human Pegivirus (HPgV; formerly known as GBV-C) inhibits IL-12 dependent natural killer cell function / E. T. Chivero, N. Bhattarai, J. H. McLinden [et al.] // Virology. – 2015. – Vol. 485. – P. 116–127. – DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.008.Chivero E.T., Bhattarai N., McLinden J.H., et al. Human Pegivirus (HPgV; formerly known as GBV-C) inhibits IL-12 dependent natural killer cell function. Virology. 2015; 485: 116–127. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.008.Pessoa, M. G. Quantitation of hepatitis G and C viruses in the liver: evidence that hepatitis G virus is not hepatotropic / M. G. Pessoa, N. A. Terrault, J. Detmer [et al.] // Hepatology. – 1998. – Vol. 27, № 3. – P. 877–879. – DOI: 10.1002/hep.510270331.Pessoa M.G., Terrault N.A., Detmer J., et al. Quantitation of hepatitis G and C viruses in the liver: evidence that hepatitis G virus is not hepatotropic. Hepatology. 1998; 27(3): 877–879. DOI: 10.1002/hep.510270331.Yang, N. Global prevalence of human pegivirus-1 in healthy volunteer blood donors: a systematic review and meta-analysis / N. Yang, R. Dai, X. Zhang // Vox Sanguinis. – 2020. – Vol. 115, № 2. – P. 107–119. – DOI: 10.1111/vox.12868.Yang N., Dai R., Zhang X. Global prevalence of human pegivirus-1 in healthy volunteer blood donors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vox Sanguinis. 2020; 115(2): 107–119. DOI: 10.1111/vox.12868.Reshetnyak, V. I. Hepatitis G virus / V. I. Reshetnyak, T. I. Karlovich, L. U. Ilchenko // World Journal of Gastroenterology. – 2008. – Vol. 14, № 30. – P. 4725–4734. – DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.4725.Reshetnyak V.I., Karlovich T.I., Ilchenko L.U. Hepatitis G virus. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2008; 14(30): 4725–4734. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.4725.Human pegivirus RNA is found in multiple blood mononuclear cells in vivo and serumderived viral RNA-containing particles are infectious in vitro / E. T. Chivero, N. Bhattarai, R. T. Rydze [et al.] // Journal of General Virology. – 2014. – Vol. 95, Pt 6. – P. 1307–1319. – DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.063016-0.Chivero E.T., Bhattarai N., Rydze R.T., et al. Human pegivirus RNA is found in multiple blood mononuclear cells in vivo and serumderived viral RNA-containing particles are infectious in vitro. Journal of General Virology. 2014; 95(6): 1307–1319. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.063016-0.The Second Human Pegivirus, a Non-Pathogenic RNA Virus with Low Prevalence and Minimal Genetic Diversity / S. Chen, H. Wang, E. E. Dzakah [et al.] // Viruses. – 2022. – Vol. 14, № 9. – P. 1844. – DOI: 10.3390/v14091844.Chen S., Wang H., Dzakah E.E., et al. The Second Human Pegivirus, a Non-Pathogenic RNA Virus with Low Prevalence and Minimal Genetic Diversity. Viruses. 2022; 14(9): 1844. DOI: 10.3390/v14091844.Comparison of Characteristics Between Patients With GB Virus C/Hepatitis G Virus (GBV-C/HGV) RNA and Those With GBV-C/HGV E2-Antibody in Patients With Hemophilia / H. Toyoda, I. Takahashi, Y. Fukuda, T. Hayakawa, J. Takamatsu // Journal of Medical Virology. – 2000. – Vol. 60, № 1. – P. 34–38. – DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(200001)60:1<34::aid-jmv6>3.0.co;2-k.Toyoda H., Takahashi I., Fukuda Y., Hayakawa T., Takamatsu J. Comparison of Characteristics Between Patients With GB Virus C/Hepatitis G Virus (GBV-C/HGV) RNA and Those With GBV-C/HGV E2-Antibody in Patients With Hemophilia. Journal of Medical Virology. 2000; 60(1): 34–38. DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(200001)60:1<34::aid-jmv6>3.0.co;2-k.Stapleton, J. T. A novel T cell evasion mechanism in persistent RNA virus infection / J. T. Stapleton, J. Xiang, J. H. McLinden // Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. – 2014. – Vol. 125. – P. 14–24.Stapleton J.T., Xiang J., McLinden J.H. A novel T cell evasion mechanism in persistent RNA virus infection. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. 2014; 125: 14–24.Hepatitis C virus and other Flaviviridae viruses enter cells via low density lipoprotein receptor / V. Agnello, G. Abel, M. Elfahal [et al.] // PNAS. – 1999. – Vol. 96, № 22. – P. 12766–12771. – DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.22.12766.Agnello V., Abel G., Elfahal M., et al. Hepatitis C virus and other Flaviviridae viruses enter cells via low density lipoprotein receptor. PNAS. 1999; 96(22): 12766–12771. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.22.12766.In Vitro Interaction between Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Envelope Glycoprotein E2 and Serum Lipoproteins (LPs) Results in Enhanced Cellular Binding of Both HCV E2 and LPs / S. Wünschmann, H. M. Muller, C. S. Stipp [et al.] // The Journal of Infectious Diseases. – 2006. – Vol. 194, № 8. – P. 1058–1067. – DOI: 10.1086/507647.Wünschmann S., Muller H.M., Stipp C.S., et al. In Vitro Interaction between Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Envelope Glycoprotein E2 and Serum Lipoproteins (LPs) Results in Enhanced Cellular Binding of Both HCV E2 and LPs. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2006; 194(8): 1058–1067. DOI: 10.1086/507647.Lanteri, M. C. Downregulation of Cytokines and Chemokines by GB Virus C After Transmission Via Blood Transfusion in HIV-Positive Blood Recipients / M. C. Lanteri, F. Vahidnia, S. Tan [et al.] // The Journal of Infectious Diseases. – 2015. – Vol. 211, № 10. – P. 1585–1596. – DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu660.Lanteri M.C., Vahidnia F., Tan S., et al. Downregulation of Cytokines and Chemokines by GB Virus C After Transmission Via Blood Transfusion in HIV-Positive Blood Recipients. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2015; 211(10): 1585–1596. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu660.Human Pegivirus Infection and Lymphoma Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis / A. Fama, M. C. Larson, B. K. Link [et al.] // Clinical Infectious Diseases. – 2020. – Vol. 71, № 5. – P. 1221–1228. – DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz940.Fama A., Larson M.C., Link B.K., et al. Human Pegivirus Infection and Lymphoma Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020; 71(5): 1221–1228. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz940.Bhattarai, N. GB virus C: the good boy virus? / N. Bhattarai, J. T. Stapleton // Trends in Microbiology. – 2012. – Vol. 20, № 3. – P. 124–130. – DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.01.004.Bhattarai N., Stapleton J.T. GB virus C: the good boy virus? Trends in Microbiology. 2012; 20(3): 124–130. DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.01.004.Подымова, С.Д. Парентеральные острые вирусные гепатиты: современная диагностика, профилактика и лечение / С.Д. Подымова // Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. – 2012. – № 6. – С. 3–10.Podymova S.D. Parenteral’nye ostrye virusnye gepatity: sovremennaya diagnostika, profilaktika i lechenie. Eksperimental’naya i klinicheskaya gastroenterologiya. 2012; 6: 3–10. (In Russian).Clinical and molecular aspects of human pegiviruses in the interaction host and infectious agent / M. Samadi, V. Salimi, M. R. Haghshenas [et al.] // Virology Journal. – 2022. – Vol. 19, № 1. – P. 41. – DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01769-3.Samadi M., Salimi V., Haghshenas M.R., et al. Clinical and molecular aspects of human pegiviruses in the interaction host and infectious agent. Virology Journal. 2022; 19(1): 41. DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01769-3.Effect of human pegivirus route of transmission on the genetic distribution of the virus: an institution based cross-sectional study / W. Taklual, S. Tang, W. Yue // Virology Journal. – 2019. – Vol. 16, № 1. – P. 51. – DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1161-5.Taklual W., Tang S., Yue W. Effect of human pegivirus route of transmission on the genetic distribution of the virus: an institution based cross-sectional study. Virology Journal. 2019; 16(1): 51. DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1161-5.Zimmerman, J. Human pegivirus type 1 infection in Asia—a review of the literature / J. Zimmerman, J. T. Blackard // Reviews in Medical Virology. – 2022. – Vol. 32, № 1. – P. e2257. – DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2257. – URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2257 (дата обращения: 07.06.2024).Zimmerman J., Blackard J.T. Human pegivirus type 1 infection in Asia—a review of the literature. Reviews in Medical Virology. 2022; 32(1): e2257. DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2257. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2257 (Accessed 07.06.2024).Singh, S. Human pegivirus (HPgV) infection in sub-Saharan Africa-a call for a renewed research agenda / S. Singh, J. T. Blackard // Reviews in Medical Virology. – 2017. – Vol. 27, № 6. – P. e1951. – DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1951.Singh S., Blackard J.T. Human pegivirus (HPgV) infection in sub-Saharan Africa-a call for a renewed research agenda. Reviews in Medical Virology. 2017; 27(6): e1951. DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1951.Human pegivirus-1 (HPgV-1) RNA prevalence and genotypes in volunteer blood donors from the Brazilian Amazon / S. N. Slavov, R. M. Silveira, M. R. Hespanhol [et al.] // Transfusion Clinique et Biologique. – 2019. – Vol. 26, № 4. – P. 234–239. – DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2019.06.005.Slavov S.N., Silveira R.M., Hespanhol M.R., et al. Human pegivirus-1 (HPgV-1) RNA prevalence and genotypes in volunteer blood donors from the Brazilian Amazon. Transfusion Clinique et Biologique. 2019; 26(4): 234–239. DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2019.06.005.Prevalence and potential impact of human pegivirus-1 on HIV-1 disease progression among Indian PLHIV / D. Alex, R. J. Steve, V. V. Ramalingam [et al.] // Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. – 2024. – Vol. 18, № 7. – P. 1108–1117. – DOI: 10.3855/jidc.19397.Alex D., Steve R.J., Ramalingam V.V., et al. Prevalence and potential impact of human pegivirus-1 on HIV-1 disease progression among Indian PLHIV. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 2024; 18(7): 1108–1117. DOI: 10.3855/jidc.19397.Detection and Characterization of Human Pegivirus 2, Vietnam / T. A. Nguyen, T. T. H. Nguyen, L. N. T. Nhu [et al.] // Emerging Infectious Diseases. – 2018. – Vol. 24, № 11. – P. 2063–2067. – DOI: 10.3201/eid2411.180668.Nguyen T.A., Nguyen T.T.H., Nhu L.N.T., et al. Detection and Characterization of Human Pegivirus 2, Vietnam. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2018; 24(11): 2063–2067. DOI: 10.3201/eid2411.180668.Hepatitis C virus surveillance and identification of human pegivirus 2 in a large Cameroonian cohort / M. A. Rodgers, V. Holzmayer, A. Vallari [et al.] // Journal of Viral Hepatitis. – 2019. – Vol. 26, № 1. – P. 30–37. – DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12996.Rodgers M.A., Holzmayer V., Vallari A., et al. Hepatitis C virus surveillance and identification of human pegivirus 2 in a large Cameroonian cohort. Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2019; 26(1): 30–37. DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12996.Prevalence and vertical transmission of human pegivirus among pregnant women infected with HIV / L. M. Santos, R. C. Lobato, M. F. M. Barral [et al.] // International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. – 2017. – Vol. 138, № 1. – P. 113–118. – DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.12175.Santos L.M., Lobato R.C., Barral M.F.M., et al. Prevalence and vertical transmission of human pegivirus among pregnant women infected with HIV. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2017; 138(1): 113–118. DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.12175.Perinatal transmission of hepatitis G virus (GB virus type C) and hepatitis C virus infections--a comparison / R. Wejstal, A. S. Manson, A. Widell [et al.] // Clinical Infectious Diseases. – 1999. – Vol. 28, № 4. – P. 816–821. – DOI: 10.1086/515187.Wejstal R., Manson A.S., Widell A., et al. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis G virus (GB virus type C) and hepatitis C virus infections--a comparison. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1999; 28(4): 816–821. DOI: 10.1086/515187.Infection with hepatitis G virus among recipients of plasma products / L. M. Jarvis, F. Davidson, J. P. Hanley [et al.] // The Lancet. – 1996. – Vol. 348, № 9038. – P. 1352–1355. – DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)04041-x.Jarvis L.M., Davidson F., Hanley J.P., et al. Infection with hepatitis G virus among recipients of plasma products. The Lancet. 1996; 348(9038): 1352–1355. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)04041-x.High prevalence of GBV-C/HGV among relatives of GBV-C/HGV-positive blood donors in blood recipients and in patients with aplastic anemia / C. Seifried, M. Weber, H. Bialleck [et al.] // Transfusion. – 2004. – Vol. 44, № 2. – P. 268–274. – DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2004.00646.x.Seifried C., Weber M., Bialleck H., et al. High prevalence of GBV-C/HGV among relatives of GBV-C/HGV-positive blood donors in blood recipients and in patients with aplastic anemia. Transfusion. 2004; 44(2): 268–274. DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2004.00646.x.Fabrizi, F. Hepatitis G virus infection in chronic dialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients / F. Fabrizi, G. Lunghi, G. Bacchini // Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. – 1997. – Vol. 12, № 8. – P. 1645–1651. – DOI: 10.1093/ndt/12.8.1645.Fabrizi F., Lunghi G., Bacchini G. Hepatitis G virus infection in chronic dialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 1997; 12(8): 1645–1651. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/12.8.1645.Prevalence and Clinical Impact of Human Pegivirus-1 Infection in HIV-1-Infected Individuals in Yunnan, China / Z. Miao, L. Gao, Y. Song [et al.] // Viruses. – 2017. – Vol. 9, № 2. – P. 28. – DOI: 10.3390/v9020028.Miao Z., Gao L., Song Y., et al. Prevalence and Clinical Impact of Human Pegivirus-1 Infection in HIV-1-Infected Individuals in Yunnan, China. Viruses. 2017; 9(2): 28. DOI: 10.3390/v9020028.Frey, S. E. Evidence for probable sexual transmission of the hepatitis G virus / S. E. Frey, C. E. Musial, S. M. Homan // Clinical Infectious Diseases. – 2002. – Vol. 34, № 8. – P. 1033–1038. – DOI: 10.1086/339551.Frey S.E., Musial C.E., Homan S.M. Evidence for probable sexual transmission of the hepatitis G virus. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(8): 1033–1038. DOI: 10.1086/339551.Leyssen, P. Perspectives for the treatment of infections with flaviviridae / P. Leyssen, E. De Clercq, J. Neyts // Clinical Microbiology Reviews. – 2000. – Vol. 13, № 1. – P. 67–82. – DOI: 10.1128/CMR.13.1.67.Leyssen P., De Clercq E., Neyts J. Perspectives for the treatment of infections with flaviviridae. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2000; 13(1): 67–82. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.13.1.67.Detection of a novel human pegivirus HPgV-2 in healthy blood donors and recipients of multiple transfusions: implications for blood safety / N. Zhu, R. Xu, W. Tang [et al.] // Chinese Journal of Blood Transfusion. – 2018. – Vol. 38, № 7. – P. 842–849. – DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.07.12.Zhu N., Xu R., Tang W., et al. Detection of a novel human pegivirus HPgV-2 in healthy blood donors and recipients of multiple transfusions: implications for blood safety. Chinese Journal of Blood Transfusion. 2018; 38(7): 842–849. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.07.12.High prevalence and viremia of human pegivirus 2 in the HIV-infected population in Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province / T. Li, S. Tang, Y. Su [et al.] // Archives of Virology. – 2020. – Vol. 165, № 3. – P. 619–626. – DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04512-6.Li T., Tang S., Su Y., et al. High prevalence and viremia of human pegivirus 2 in the HIV-infected population in Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Archives of Virology. 2020; 165(3): 619–626. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04512-6.Human Pegivirus-1 Detection and Genotyping in Brazilian Patients with Fulminant Hepatitis / A. S. da Silva, G. M. de Campos, A. C. R. da Silva [et al.] // Pathogens. – 2023. – Vol. 12, № 9. – P. 1122. – DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091122.da Silva A.S., de Campos G.M., da Silva A.C.R., et al. Human Pegivirus-1 Detection and Genotyping in Brazilian Patients with Fulminant Hepatitis. Pathogens. 2023; 12(9): 1122. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091122.Kanda, T. Detection of GBV-C RNA in patients with non-A-E fulminant hepatitis by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction / T. Kanda, O. Yokosuka, T. Ehata // Hepatology. – 1997. – Vol. 25, № 5. – P. 1261–1265. – DOI: 10.1002/hep.510250534.Kanda T., Yokosuka O., Ehata T. Detection of GBV-C RNA in patients with non-A-E fulminant hepatitis by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Hepatology. 1997; 25(5): 1261–1265. DOI: 10.1002/hep.510250534.Tuddenham, R. Human pegivirus in brain tissue of a patient with encephalitis / R. Tuddenham, J.-S. Eden, T. Gilbey // Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. – 2020. – Vol. 96, № 2. – P. 114898. – DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114898.Tuddenham R., Eden J.-S., Gilbey T. Human pegivirus in brain tissue of a patient with encephalitis. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2020; 96(2): 114898. DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114898.Human pegivirus-1 associated leukoencephalitis: clinical and molecular features / E. F. Balcom, M. A. L. Doan, W. G. Branton [et al.] // Annals of Neurology. – 2018. – Vol. 84, № 5. – P. 781–787. – DOI: 10.1002/ana.25354.Balcom E.F., Doan M.A.L., Branton W.G., et al. Human pegivirus-1 associated leukoencephalitis: clinical and molecular features. Annals of Neurology. 2018; 84(5): 781–787. DOI: 10.1002/ana.25354.Human pegivirus in patients with encephalitis of unclear etiology, Poland / I. Bukowska-Oüko, K. Perlejewski, A. Pawełczyk [et al.] // Emerging Infectious Diseases. – 2018. – Vol. 24, № 10. – P. 1929–1933. – DOI: 10.3201/eid2410.171785.Bukowska-Ośko I., Perlejewski K., Pawełczyk A., et al. Human pegivirus in patients with encephalitis of unclear etiology, Poland. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2018; 24(10): 1929–1933. DOI: 10.3201/eid2410.171785.Infection of glia by human pegivirus suppresses peroxisomal and antiviral signaling pathways / M. A. L. Doan, A. RoczkoSwsky, M. Smith [et al.] // Journal of Virology. – 2021. – Vol. 95, № 22. – P. e0107421. – DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01074-21.Doan M.A.L., RoczkoSwsky A., Smith M., et al. Infection of glia by human pegivirus suppresses peroxisomal and antiviral signaling pathways. Journal of Virology. 2021; 95(22): e0107421. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01074-21.GB virus C coinfections in West African Ebola patients / M. Lauck, A. L. Bailey, K. G. Andersen [et al.] // Journal of Virology. – 2015. – Vol. 89, № 4. – P. 2425–2429. – DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02821-14.Lauck M., Bailey A.L., Andersen K.G., et al. GB virus C coinfections in West African Ebola patients. Journal of Virology. 2015; 89(4): 2425–2429. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02821-14.Effect of early and late GB virus C viraemia on survival of HIV-infected individuals: a meta-analysis / W. Zhang, K. Chaloner, H. L. Tillmann [et al.] // HIV Medicine. – 2006. – Vol. 7, № 3. – P. 173–180. – DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2006.00366.x.Zhang W., Chaloner K., Tillmann H.L., et al. Effect of early and late GB virus C viraemia on survival of HIV-infected individuals: a meta-analysis. HIV Medicine. 2006; 7(3): 173–180. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2006.00366.x.GBV-C coinfection is negatively correlated to Fas expression and Fasmediated apoptosis in HIV-1 infected patients / M. Moenkemeyer, M. Stoll, H. L. Tillmann [et al.] // Journal of Medical Virology. – 2008. – Vol. 80, № 11. – P. 1933–1940. – DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21305.Moenkemeyer M., Stoll M., Tillmann H.L., et al. GBV-C coinfection is negatively correlated to Fas expression and Fasmediated apoptosis in HIV-1 infected patients. Journal of Medical Virology. 2008; 80(11): 1933–1940. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21305.GB virus C genotype determination in GB virus-C/HIV co-infected individuals / A. S. Muerhoff, H. L. Tillmann, M. P. Manns // Journal of Medical Virology. – 2003. – Vol. 70, № 4. – P. 631–638. – DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10438.Muerhoff A.S., Tillmann H.L., Manns M.P. GB virus C genotype determination in GB virus-C/HIV co-infected individuals. Journal of Medical Virology. 2003; 70(4): 631–638. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10438.Reduced mother-tochild transmission of HIV associated with infant but not maternal GB virus C infection / W. B. Supapol, R. S. Remis, S. Chearskul [et al.] // The Journal of Infectious Diseases. – 2008. – Vol. 197, № 10. – P. 1369–1377. – DOI: 10.1086/587488.Supapol W.B., Remis R.S., Chearskul S., et al. Reduced mother-tochild transmission of HIV associated with infant but not maternal GB virus C infection. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008; 197(10): 1369–1377. DOI: 10.1086/587488.Литвино,в В.В. HPgV-инфекция / В.В. Литвинов, Г.Г. Фрейнд, В.П. Коробов, А.Д. Шестакова // Инфекционные болезни: Новости. Мнения. Обучение. – 2021. – Т. 10, № 2 (37). – С. 30–37. – DOI: 10.29296/24999490-2021-06-03.Litvinov V.V., Freind G.G., Korobov V.P., Shestakova A.D. HPgV-infektsiya. Infektsionnye bolezni: Novosti. Mneniya. Obuchenie. 2021; 10(2(37)): 30–37 (In Russian, abstr. in English). DOI: 10.29296/24999490-2021-06-03.George, S. L. GB virus C replicates in primary T and B lymphocytes / S. L. George, D. Varmaz, J. T. Stapleton // The Journal of Infectious Diseases. – 2006. – Vol. 193, No. 3. – P. 451–454. – DOI: 10.1086/499435.George S.L., Varmaz D., Stapleton J.T. GB virus C replicates in primary T and B lymphocytes. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2006; 193(3): 451–454. DOI: 10.1086/499435.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.