jofinЖурнал инфектологииJournal Infectology2072-6732IPO “АIDSSPbR"10.22625/2072-6732-2025-17-3-5-12jofin-1839Research ArticleОБЗОРREVIEWСовременные представления о причинах смерти от инфекции вирусом иммунодефицита человека (обзор литературы)Modern understanding of causes of death from human immunodeficiency virus infection (literature review)МайороваС. О.MaiorovaS. O.

Майорова Светлана Олеговна – заведующий поликлиническим инфекционным отделением Центра по профилактике и борьбе со СПИД и инфекционными заболеваниями; ассистент кафедры инфектологии СПбМСИ, к.м.н.

Санкт-Петербург

тел.: 8(812)246-70-58

Saint-Petersburg

svetlana.majororva11@yandex.ruСизоваН. В.SizovaN. V.

Сизова Наталия Владимировна – заместитель главного врача по амбулаторно-поликлинической работе Центра по профилактике и борьбе со СПИД и инфекционными заболеваниями; доцент кафедры социально значимых инфекций и фтизиопульмонологии ПСПбГМУ им. акад. И.П. Павлова, д.м.н.

Санкт-Петербург

тел.: 8(812)246-70-58

Saint-Petersburg

natalia_v_sizova@mail.ruГумилевскийБ. Ю.GumilevskyB. Yu.

Гумилевский Борис Юриевич – заведующий кафедрой микробиологии, д.м.н., профессор.

Санкт-Петербург

тел.: 8(812)2923429

Saint-Petersburg

gumbu@mail.ruВиноградоваТ. Н.VinogradovaT. N.

Виноградова Татьяна Николаевна – главный врач Центра по профилактике и борьбе со СПИД и инфекционными заболеваниями, к.м.н.

Санкт-Петербург

тел.: 8(812) 251-08-53

Saint-Petersburg

aidscentr.sek@zdrav.spb.ruВолковаТ. М.VolkovaT. M.

Волкова Татьяна Михайловна – врач-эпидемиолог Центра по профилактике и борьбе со СПИД и инфекционными заболеваниями; ассистент кафедры инфекционных болезней и эпидемиологии ПСПбГМУ им. акад. И.П. Павлова.

Санкт-Петербург

тел.: 8(812)246-70-96

Saint-Petersburg

tankavolk@mail.ruГумилевскаяО. П.GumilevskayaO. P.

Гумилевская Оксана Петровна – профессор кафедры инфектологии, д.м.н., доцент.

Санкт-Петербург

тел.: 8(812)292-34-29

Saint-Petersburg

ogum@mail.ruкызы ИдрисоваС. Т.Kyzy IdrisovaS. T.

Идрисова Севиль Тофик кызы – врач-инфекционист.

Санкт-Петербург

тел.: 8(812)246-70-54

Saint-Petersburg

sevil.tofikovna@mail.ruЦентр по профилактике и борьбе со СПИД и инфекционными заболеваниями; Санкт-Петербургский медико-социальный институтРоссияCenter for Prevention and Control of HIV and Infectious Diseases; Saint-Petersburg Medical and Social InstituteRussian FederationЦентр по профилактике и борьбе со СПИД и инфекционными заболеваниями; Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. академика И.П. ПавловаРоссияCenter for Prevention and Control of HIV and Infectious Diseases; First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University named after I.P. PavlovRussian FederationВоенно-медицинская академия им. С.М. КироваРоссияMilitary Medical Academy named after S.M. KirovRussian FederationЦентр по профилактике и борьбе со СПИД и инфекционными заболеваниямиРоссияCenter for Prevention and Control of HIV and Infectious DiseasesRussian FederationСанкт-Петербургский медико-социальный институтРоссияSaint-Petersburg Medical and Social InstituteRussian Federation202522092025173512Copyright © Майорова С.О., Сизова Н.В., Гумилевский Б.Ю., Виноградова Т.Н., Волкова Т.М., Гумилевская О.П., кызы Идрисова С.Т., 20252025Майорова С.О., Сизова Н.В., Гумилевский Б.Ю., Виноградова Т.Н., Волкова Т.М., Гумилевская О.П., кызы Идрисова С.Т.Maiorova S.O., Sizova N.V., Gumilevsky B.Y., Vinogradova T.N., Volkova T.M., Gumilevskaya O.P., kyzy Idrisova S.T.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.niidi.ru/jofin/article/view/1839

Эпидемия инфекции, вызванной вирусом иммунодефицита человека, является глобальной проблемой здравоохранения на протяжении более чем 40 лет. Применение эффективной антиретровирусной терапии значительно снизило смертность и заболеваемость. Снижение виремии вируса иммунодефицита человека значительно улучшает состояние здоровья инфицированных. Но широкое использование антиретровирусной терапии не привело к должному низкому уровню смертности. Изменился профиль причин смерти – у пациентов на терапии увеличилось количество летальных сердечно-сосудистых событий и случаев рака, не связанного с синдромом приобретенного иммунодефицита, и остаются случаи смерти от синдрома приобретенного иммунодефицита у пациентов, так и не начавших лечение или имеющих плохую приверженность и резистентность. Большинство исследований сосредоточено на смертности, связанной с синдромом приобретенного иммунодефицита. В немногих исследованиях рассматриваются другие причины смертности от вируса иммунодефицита человека, описывающие предотвратимую летальность среди людей с вирусом иммунодефицита человека. Когортные исследования показывают значимый и устойчивый разрыв в продолжительности жизни между инфицированными вирусом иммунодефицита человека и неинфицированными, особенно в ключевых затронутых группах населения. Таким образом, управление инфекцией, вызванной вирусом иммунодефицита человека, является динамическим процессом, который подвержен влиянию множества факторов. Конечной целью этого процесса для инфицированных является увеличение продолжительности и качества жизни. Анализ причин смертности может дать важную информацию для оптимизации деятельности по контролю инфекции, вызванной вирусом иммунодефицита человека.

The human immunodeficiency virus epidemic has remained a global public health challenge for over 40 years. The use of effective antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced mortality and morbidity. The reduction of human immunodeficiency virus viremia greatly improves the health status of infected individuals. However, widespread use of effective antiretroviral therapy has not resulted in a sufficiently low mortality rate. The profile of causes of death has shifted – among patients on therapy, there has been an increase in fatal cardiovascular events and non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome related cancers, while acquired immunodeficiency syndrome related deaths still occur among those who have never started treatment or have poor adherence and drug resistance. Most studies have focused on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome related mortality. Few studies address other causes of human immunodeficiency virus -related death, highlighting preventable mortality among people living with human immunodeficiency virus. Cohort studies reveal a significant and persistent gap in life expectancy between people living with human immunodeficiency viru and the uninfected population, especially in key affected groups. Thus, human immunodeficiency virus infection management is a dynamic process influenced by multiple factors. The ultimate goal of this process for infected individuals is to increase both life expectancy and quality of life. Analyzing causes of death can provide essential insights for optimizing human immunodeficiency virus infection control strategies.

ВИЧ/СПИДпричина смертиракгепатитриск сердечно-сосудистых заболеванийHIV/AIDScause of deathcancerhepatitisrisk of cardiovascular diseaseReferencesKumssa T.H., Mulu A., Mihret A., Asfaw Z.G. Competing risks multi-state model for time-to-event data analysis of HIV/AIDS: a retrospective cohort national datasets, Ethiopia // BMC Infect Dis.- 2024.- vol.24(1). – p.1412. doi: 10.1186/s12879-024-10280-9.Kumssa T.H., Mulu A., Mihret A., Asfaw Z.G. Competing risks multi-state model for time-to-event data analysis of HIV/AIDS: a retrospective cohort national datasets, Ethiopia // BMC Infect Dis.- 2024.- vol.24(1). – p.1412. doi: 10.1186/s12879-024-10280-9.Croxford S.E., Martin V., Lucas S.B., et al. Recommendations for defining preventable HIV-related mortality for public health monitoring in the era of Getting to Zero: an expert consensus // Lancet HIV. – 2023.- vol.10(3) – e195-e201. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(22)00363-0.Croxford S.E., Martin V., Lucas S.B., et al. Recommendations for defining preventable HIV-related mortality for public health monitoring in the era of Getting to Zero: an expert consensus // Lancet HIV. – 2023.- vol.10(3) – e195-e201. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(22)00363-0.Weber R., Ruppik M., Rickenbach M., et al. Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS). Decreasing mortality and changing patterns of causes of death in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study // HIV Med. – 2013 –p.195-207. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.01051.x.Weber R., Ruppik M., Rickenbach M., et al. Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS). Decreasing mortality and changing patterns of causes of death in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study // HIV Med. – 2013 –p.195-207. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.01051.x.Trickey A., May M.T., Vehreschild J., et al.; Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration (ART-CC). Cause-Specific Mortality in HIV-Positive Patients Who Survived Ten Years after Starting Antiretroviral Therapy// PLoS One. – 2016.- vol.11(8).- e0160460. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160460.Trickey A., May M.T., Vehreschild J., et al.; Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration (ART-CC). Cause-Specific Mortality in HIV-Positive Patients Who Survived Ten Years after Starting Antiretroviral Therapy// PLoS One. – 2016.- vol.11(8).- e0160460. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160460.Wada N., Jacobson L.P., Cohen M. et al. Cause-specific life expectancies after 35 years of age for human immunodeficiency syndrome-infected and human immunodeficiency syndrome-negative individuals followed simultaneously in long-term cohort studies, 1984-2008 // Am J Epidemiol. – 2013.- vol.177(2). –p.116-25. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws321.Wada N., Jacobson L.P., Cohen M. et al. Cause-specific life expectancies after 35 years of age for human immunodeficiency syndrome-infected and human immunodeficiency syndrome-negative individuals followed simultaneously in long-term cohort studies, 1984-2008 // Am J Epidemiol. – 2013.- vol.177(2). –p.116-25. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws321.Mashiri C.E., Batidzirai J.M., Chifurira R., Chinhamu K. Investigating the Determinants of Mortality before CD4 Count Recovery in a Cohort of Patients Initiated on Antiretroviral Therapy in South Africa Using a Fine and Gray Competing Risks Model // Trop Med Infect Dis. – 2024.-vol.9(7).- p.154. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed9070154.Mashiri C.E., Batidzirai J.M., Chifurira R., Chinhamu K. Investigating the Determinants of Mortality before CD4 Count Recovery in a Cohort of Patients Initiated on Antiretroviral Therapy in South Africa Using a Fine and Gray Competing Risks Model // Trop Med Infect Dis. – 2024.-vol.9(7).- p.154. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed9070154.Roca B. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of HIV infection in the Spanish VACH Cohort: a descriptive study // Epidemiol Prev. – 2022.-vol.46(1-2). –p.77-83. doi: 10.19191/EP22.1-2.P077.015.Roca B. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of HIV infection in the Spanish VACH Cohort: a descriptive study // Epidemiol Prev. – 2022.-vol.46(1-2). –p.77-83. doi: 10.19191/EP22.1-2.P077.015.Trickey A., McGinnis K., Gill M.J., Abgrall S., et al. JAC. Longitudinal trends in causes of death among adults with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Europe and North America from 1996 to 2020: a collaboration of cohort studies // Lancet HIV. – 2024 –vol.11(3). -e176-e185. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(23)00272-2.Trickey A., McGinnis K., Gill M.J., Abgrall S., et al. JAC. Longitudinal trends in causes of death among adults with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Europe and North America from 1996 to 2020: a collaboration of cohort studies // Lancet HIV. – 2024 –vol.11(3). -e176-e185. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(23)00272-2.Brooks K.M., Sherman E.M., Egelund E.F., et al. Integrase Inhibitors: After 10 Years of Experience, Is the Best Yet to Come?// Pharmacotherapy. – 2019. –vol.39(5). –p.576-598. doi: 10.1002/phar.2246.Brooks K.M., Sherman E.M., Egelund E.F., et al. Integrase Inhibitors: After 10 Years of Experience, Is the Best Yet to Come?// Pharmacotherapy. – 2019. –vol.39(5). –p.576-598. doi: 10.1002/phar.2246.Katz I.T., Maughan-Brown B. Improved life expectancy of people living with HIV: who is left behind? // Lancet HIV. – 2017. – vol.4(8).- e324-e326. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(17)30086-3.Katz I.T., Maughan-Brown B. Improved life expectancy of people living with HIV: who is left behind? // Lancet HIV. – 2017. – vol.4(8).- e324-e326. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(17)30086-3.Mugavero M.J., Napravnik S., Cole S.R., et al.; Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) Cohort Study. Viremia copy-years predicts mortality among treatment-naive HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy. //Clin Infect Dis. – 2011.- vol.53(9).-p.927-35. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir526.Mugavero M.J., Napravnik S., Cole S.R., et al.; Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) Cohort Study. Viremia copy-years predicts mortality among treatment-naive HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy. //Clin Infect Dis. – 2011.- vol.53(9).-p.927-35. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir526.Wang R., Haberlen S.A., Palella F.J. Jr. et al. Viremia copy-years and mortality among combination antire et al. troviral therapy-initiating HIV-positive individuals: how much viral load history is enough? // AIDS. – 2018. – vol.32(17). –p.2547-2556. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001986.Wang R., Haberlen S.A., Palella F.J. Jr. et al. Viremia copy-years and mortality among combination antire et al. troviral therapy-initiating HIV-positive individuals: how much viral load history is enough? // AIDS. – 2018. – vol.32(17). –p.2547-2556. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001986.Ledergerber B, Lundgren JD, Walker AS, et al. Predictors of trend in CD4-positive T-cell count and mortality among HIV-1-infected individuals with virological failure to all three antiretroviral-drug classes // Lancet. – 2004.-vol.364(9428). –p.51-62. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16589-6.Ledergerber B, Lundgren JD, Walker AS, et al. Predictors of trend in CD4-positive T-cell count and mortality among HIV-1-infected individuals with virological failure to all three antiretroviral-drug classes // Lancet. – 2004.-vol.364(9428). –p.51-62. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16589-6.Moore DM, Harris R, Lima V, et al. Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Effect of baseline CD4 cell counts on the clinical significance of short-term immunologic response to antiretroviral therapy in individuals with virologic suppression. // J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. – 2009. – vol.52(3). – p.357-63. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181b62933.Moore DM, Harris R, Lima V, et al. Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Effect of baseline CD4 cell counts on the clinical significance of short-term immunologic response to antiretroviral therapy in individuals with virologic suppression. // J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. – 2009. – vol.52(3). – p.357-63. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181b62933.Wada N, Jacobson L.P., Cohen M. et al. Cause-specific mortality among HIV-infected individuals, by CD4(+) cell count at HAART initiation, compared with HIV-uninfected individuals // AIDS. – 2014. –vol.28(2). – p.257-65. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000078.Wada N, Jacobson L.P., Cohen M. et al. Cause-specific mortality among HIV-infected individuals, by CD4(+) cell count at HAART initiation, compared with HIV-uninfected individuals // AIDS. – 2014. –vol.28(2). – p.257-65. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000078.Palella, Frank & Baker, Rose & Moorman, et al. Mortality in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era: Changing Causes of Death and Disease in the HIV Outpatient Study // Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. – 1999. – vol.. 43. – p. 27-34. doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000233310.90484.16.Palella, Frank & Baker, Rose & Moorman, et al. Mortality in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era: Changing Causes of Death and Disease in the HIV Outpatient Study // Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. – 1999. – vol.. 43. – p. 27-34. doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000233310.90484.16.Fontela C, Aguinaga A, Moreno-Iribas C et al. Trends and causes of mortality in a population-based cohort of HIV-infected adults in Spain: comparison with the general population // Sci Rep. – 2020. – vol.10(1).- p.8922. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65841-0.Fontela C, Aguinaga A, Moreno-Iribas C et al. Trends and causes of mortality in a population-based cohort of HIV-infected adults in Spain: comparison with the general population // Sci Rep. – 2020. – vol.10(1).- p.8922. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65841-0.Trickey A, McGinnis K, Gill MJ, et al. Longitudinal trends in causes of death among adults with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Europe and North America from 1996 to 2020: a collaboration of cohort studies // Lancet HIV. – 2024. – vol.11(3). – e176-185. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(23)00272-2.Trickey A, McGinnis K, Gill MJ, et al. Longitudinal trends in causes of death among adults with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Europe and North America from 1996 to 2020: a collaboration of cohort studies // Lancet HIV. – 2024. – vol.11(3). – e176-185. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(23)00272-2.Webel A.R., Schexnayder J., Cioe P.A., Zuñiga J.A. A Review of Chronic Comorbidities in Adults Living With HIV: State of the Science // J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. – 2021. – vol.32(3). –p.322-346. doi: 10.1097/JNC.0000000000000240.Webel A.R., Schexnayder J., Cioe P.A., Zuñiga J.A. A Review of Chronic Comorbidities in Adults Living With HIV: State of the Science // J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. – 2021. – vol.32(3). –p.322-346. doi: 10.1097/JNC.0000000000000240.Landes M, van Lettow M, Bedell R, et al. Mortality and health outcomes in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected mothers at 18-20 months postpartum in Zomba District, Malawi // PLoS One. – 2012. –vol.7(9). -e44396. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044396.Landes M, van Lettow M, Bedell R, et al. Mortality and health outcomes in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected mothers at 18-20 months postpartum in Zomba District, Malawi // PLoS One. – 2012. –vol.7(9). -e44396. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044396.Gao T.Y., Zhao L.K., Liu X., et al. Disease burden of AIDS in last 30-year period and its predicted level in next 25-years based on the global burden disease 2019 // BMC Public Health. – 2024. – vol.24(1). –p.2384. doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-19934-4.Gao T.Y., Zhao L.K., Liu X., et al. Disease burden of AIDS in last 30-year period and its predicted level in next 25-years based on the global burden disease 2019 // BMC Public Health. – 2024. – vol.24(1). –p.2384. doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-19934-4.Turrini G., Chan S.S., Klein P.W. et al. Assessing the health status and mortality of older people over 65 with HIV // PLoS One. – 2020. – vol.15(11). -e0241833. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241833.Turrini G., Chan S.S., Klein P.W. et al. Assessing the health status and mortality of older people over 65 with HIV // PLoS One. – 2020. – vol.15(11). -e0241833. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241833.Croxford S, Kitching A, Desai S, et al. Mortality and causes of death in people diagnosed with HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy compared with the general population: an analysis of a national observational cohort // Lancet Public Health. – 2017. –vol.2(1).- e35-46. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(16)30020-2.Croxford S, Kitching A, Desai S, et al. Mortality and causes of death in people diagnosed with HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy compared with the general population: an analysis of a national observational cohort // Lancet Public Health. – 2017. –vol.2(1).- e35-46. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(16)30020-2.Freiberg M.S., Chang C.C., Kuller L.H., et al. HIV infection and the risk of acute myocardial infarction // JAMA Intern Med. – 2013. – vol.173(8). –p.614-22. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.3728.Freiberg M.S., Chang C.C., Kuller L.H., et al. HIV infection and the risk of acute myocardial infarction // JAMA Intern Med. – 2013. – vol.173(8). –p.614-22. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.3728.Brugnaro, Pierluigi & Morelli, Erika & Cattelan, et al. Non-AIDS definings malignancies among human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects: Epidemiology and outcome after two decades of HAART era // World journal of virology.- 2015 –vol.4. –p. 209-18. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i3.209.Brugnaro, Pierluigi & Morelli, Erika & Cattelan, et al. Non-AIDS definings malignancies among human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects: Epidemiology and outcome after two decades of HAART era // World journal of virology.- 2015 –vol.4. –p. 209-18. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i3.209.Croxford S.E., Martin V., Lucas S.B., et al. Recommendations for defining preventable HIV-related mortality for public health monitoring in the era of Getting to Zero: an expert consensus // Lancet HIV. – 2023. –vol.10(3). -e195-201. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(22)00363-0.Croxford S.E., Martin V., Lucas S.B., et al. Recommendations for defining preventable HIV-related mortality for public health monitoring in the era of Getting to Zero: an expert consensus // Lancet HIV. – 2023. –vol.10(3). -e195-201. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(22)00363-0.Santoro M.M., Di Carlo D., Armenia D., et al. Viro-immunological response of drug-naive HIV-1-infected patients starting a first-line regimen with viraemia >500,000 copies/ml in clinical practice // Antivir Ther. – 2018. –vol.23(3). –p.249-257. doi: 10.3851/IMP3197.Santoro M.M., Di Carlo D., Armenia D., et al. Viro-immunological response of drug-naive HIV-1-infected patients starting a first-line regimen with viraemia >500,000 copies/ml in clinical practice // Antivir Ther. – 2018. –vol.23(3). –p.249-257. doi: 10.3851/IMP3197.Aldaz, P., Moreno-Iribas C., Egüés, N.et al. Mortality by causes in HIV-infected adults: comparison with the general population //BMC Public Health. -2011. –vol.11. –p. 300. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-300Aldaz, P., Moreno-Iribas C., Egüés, N.et al. Mortality by causes in HIV-infected adults: comparison with the general population //BMC Public Health. -2011. –vol.11. –p. 300. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-300Lang S., Mary-Krause M., Cotte L., et al. French Hospital Database on HIV-ANRS CO4. Increased risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients in France, relative to the general population // AIDS. – 2010. – vol.24(8). –p.1228-30. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328339192f.Lang S., Mary-Krause M., Cotte L., et al. French Hospital Database on HIV-ANRS CO4. Increased risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients in France, relative to the general population // AIDS. – 2010. – vol.24(8). –p.1228-30. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328339192f.Fontela C., Aguinaga A., Moreno-Iribas et al. Trends and causes of mortality in a population-based cohort of HIV-infected adults in Spain: comparison with the general population // Sci Rep. – 2020. –vol.10(1). –p.8922. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65841-0.Fontela C., Aguinaga A., Moreno-Iribas et al. Trends and causes of mortality in a population-based cohort of HIV-infected adults in Spain: comparison with the general population // Sci Rep. – 2020. –vol.10(1). –p.8922. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65841-0.Nishijima T., Inaba Y., Kawasaki Y., et al Mortality and causes of death in people living with HIV in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy compared with the general population in Japan //AIDS. – 2020. –vol.34(6) . –p. 913-921. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002498.Nishijima T., Inaba Y., Kawasaki Y., et al Mortality and causes of death in people living with HIV in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy compared with the general population in Japan //AIDS. – 2020. –vol.34(6) . –p. 913-921. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002498.Zicari S., Sessa L., Cotugno N. et al. Immune Activation, Inflammation, and Non-AIDS Co-Morbidities in HIV-Infected Patients under Long-Term ART // Viruses. – 2019. –vol. 11(3). –p.200. doi: 10.3390/v11030200.Zicari S., Sessa L., Cotugno N. et al. Immune Activation, Inflammation, and Non-AIDS Co-Morbidities in HIV-Infected Patients under Long-Term ART // Viruses. – 2019. –vol. 11(3). –p.200. doi: 10.3390/v11030200.Mafulu Y., Khumalo S., Williams V., et al. Causes of death in people living with HIV: Lessons from five health facilities in Eswatini // South Afr J HIV Med. – 2024. –vol.25(1). –p.1614. doi: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v25i1.1614.Mafulu Y., Khumalo S., Williams V., et al. Causes of death in people living with HIV: Lessons from five health facilities in Eswatini // South Afr J HIV Med. – 2024. –vol.25(1). –p.1614. doi: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v25i1.1614.Chen G.J., Sun H.Y., Chen L.Y., et al. Low-level viraemia and virologic failure among people living with HIV who received maintenance therapy with co-formulated bictegravir, emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide versus dolutegravir-based regimens // Int J Antimicrob Agents. – 2022. –vol.60(3). –p.106631. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106631.Chen G.J., Sun H.Y., Chen L.Y., et al. Low-level viraemia and virologic failure among people living with HIV who received maintenance therapy with co-formulated bictegravir, emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide versus dolutegravir-based regimens // Int J Antimicrob Agents. – 2022. –vol.60(3). –p.106631. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106631.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.