<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">jofin</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал инфектологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal Infectology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-6732</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IPO “АIDSSPbR"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22625/2072-6732-2023-15-2-35-46</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">jofin-1502</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзор</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные представления о механизмах развития врожденной цитомегаловирусной инфекции</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern concepts of the mechanisms of congenital cytomegalovirus infection development</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasil’ev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Васильев Валерий Викторович – доктор медицинских наук, руководитель научно-исследовательского отдела врожденных инфекционных заболеваний; профессор кафедры инфекционных болезней, д.м.н.; тел.: +7-921-940-93-84</p><p>Cанкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vcubed@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рогозина</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rogozina</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рогозина Наталия Васильевна – старший научный сотрудник научно-исследовательского отдела врожденных инфекционных заболеваний, к.м.н.; тел.: +7-921-908-43-91</p><p>Cанкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lelekin96@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маркин</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Markin</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Маркин Иван Васильевич – аспирант научно-исследовательского отдела врожденных инфекционных заболеваний; тел.: +7-964-321-41-82</p><p>Cанкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">i.v.markin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Детский научно-клинический центр инфекционных болезней; Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases; North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Детский научно-клинический центр инфекционных болезней</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>35</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Васильев В.В., Рогозина Н.В., Маркин И.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Васильев В.В., Рогозина Н.В., Маркин И.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vasil’ev V.V., Rogozina N.V., Markin I.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.niidi.ru/jofin/article/view/1502">https://journal.niidi.ru/jofin/article/view/1502</self-uri><abstract><p>В обзоре представлены современные сведения отечественных и зарубежных авторов о возможных патогенетических механизмах влияния вируса на плод при цитомегаловирусной инфекции у беременных. Иммуносупрессивные изменения, являющиеся особенностью физиологического течения беременности, создают благоприятные условия для развития активной цитомегаловирусной инфекции. Способность вируса инфицировать широкий спектр клеток in vivo и запускать совокупность молекулярных механизмов приводит к изменению дифференцировки клеток плаценты, играющему ключевую роль в транспланцентарной передаче. Отдельно освещены процессы формирования хронической плацентарной недостаточности, которая приводит к возникновению гипоксии плода и к задержке внутриутробного развития. Проанализированы литературные данные о неспецифических метаболических изменениях матери и плацентарной активации провоспалительных цитокинов (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL2, IL-6 и IL-8), возникающих при цитомегаловирусной инфекции и имеющих существенное значение в формировании гипоксии плода.</p><p>Кроме того, рассматривается роль отдельных клеток в предотвращении внутриутробного инфицирования, а именно децидуальных макрофагов, обладающих противовирусной активностью, децидуальных естественных киллеров и активированных ими Toll-подобных рецепторов. В статье также обсуждается генетическая предрасположенность к развитию манифестных форм врожденного инфекционного заболевания, в том числе связь полиморфизма генов TLR2 и Arg753Gln с повышенным риском внутриутробного инфицирования плода цитомегаловирусной инфекцией.</p><p>Характерными свойствами вируса являются выраженное генетическое разнообразие, способность к пожизненной персистенции в различных органах и тканях человека (секреторные железы, лимфоретикулярные клетки, почки и др.) и репликации без повреждения клетки, а также – подавление клеточного иммунитета. В статье освещены вопросы генотипирования вируса и взаимосвязь некоторых генотипов с определенной органной патологией у новорожденных.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review presents modern information of domestic and foreign authors about possible pathogenetic mechanisms of the virus effect on the fetus in the case of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant women. Immunosuppressive changes, which are a feature of the physiological course of pregnancy, create favorable conditions for the development of active cytomegalovirus infection. The virus’s ability to infect a wide range of cells in vivo and trigger a set of molecular mechanisms causes changes in placental cell differentiation, which plays a key role in transplant transmission. The processes of formation of chronic placental insufficiency, which leads to hypoxia of the fetus and to delay of intrauterine development, are separately highlighted. The literary data on non-specific metabolic changes of the mother and placental activation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL2, IL-6 and IL-8), which occur in cytomegalovirus infection and are of significant importance in formation of hypoxia of the fetus have been analyzed.</p><p>In addition, the role of individual cells in preventing intrauterine infection is examined, namely the deciduous macrophages with antiviral activity, the deciduous natural killers and their activated toll-like receptors. The article also discusses the genetic predisposition to the development of manifest forms of EID, including the relationship of polymorphism of TLR2 and Arg753Gln genes with an increased risk of intrauterine infection of the fetus CMV.</p><p>Characteristic properties of the virus are pronounced genetic diversity, the ability to life-long persistence in various human organs and tissues (secretory glands, lymphatic cells, kidneys, etc.) and replication without cell damage, as well as suppressing cellular immunity. The article describes the issues of genotyping of virus and the relationship of some genotypes with certain organ pathology in newborns.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>врожденная инфекция</kwd><kwd>цитомегаловирус</kwd><kwd>беременные</kwd><kwd>патогенез</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>congenital infection</kwd><kwd>cytomegalovirus</kwd><kwd>pregnant women</kwd><kwd>pathogenesis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marsico C, Kimberlin DW. Congenital Cytomegalovirus infection: advances and challenges in diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Ital J Pediatr. 2017 Apr 17;43(1):38. doi: 10.1186/s13052-017-0358-8. PMID: 28416012; PMCID: PMC5393008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marsico C, Kimberlin DW. Congenital Cytomegalovirus infection: advances and challenges in diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Ital J Pediatr. 2017 Apr 17;43(1):38. doi: 10.1186/s13052-017-0358-8. PMID: 28416012; PMCID: PMC5393008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chiopris G, Veronese P, Cusenza F, et al. Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: Update on Diagnosis and Treatment. Microorganisms. 2020;8(10):1516. Published 2020 Oct 1. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8101516</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chiopris G, Veronese P, Cusenza F, et al. Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: Update on Diagnosis and Treatment. Microorganisms. 2020;8(10):1516. Published 2020 Oct 1. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8101516</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kabani N, Ross SA. Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. J Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 5;221(Suppl 1):S9-S14. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz446. PMID: 32134480; PMCID: PMC8453618.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kabani N, Ross SA. Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. J Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 5;221(Suppl 1):S9-S14. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz446. PMID: 32134480; PMCID: PMC8453618.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рогозина, Н.В. Анте- и постнатальная диагностика и комплексное лечение врожденной цитомегаловирусной инфекции / Н.В. Рогозина [и др.] // Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2019;64(6):89-93. https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2019-64-6-89-93</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rogozina N.V., Vasilev V.V., Grineva A.A., Mikhailov A.V., Kashtanova T.A., Romanovskiy A.N., Ivanova R.A., Romanova E.S., Ushakova G.M. Anteand postnatal diagnostics and complex treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics). 2019;64(6):89-93. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2019-64-6-89-93</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aldè M, Caputo E, Di Berardino F, et al. Hearing outcomes in children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection: From management controversies to lack of parents’ knowledge. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2023;164:111420. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2022.111420</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aldè M, Caputo E, Di Berardino F, et al. Hearing outcomes in children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection: From management controversies to lack of parents’ knowledge. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2023;164:111420. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2022.111420</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Britt WJ. Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in Women With Preexisting Immunity: Sources of Infection and Mechanisms of Infection in the Presence of Antiviral Immunity. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(Suppl 1):S1-S8. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiz464</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Britt WJ. Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in Women With Preexisting Immunity: Sources of Infection and Mechanisms of Infection in the Presence of Antiviral Immunity. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(Suppl 1):S1-S8. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiz464</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gorun F, Motoi S, Malita D, et al. Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence in pregnant women in the western region of Romania: A large-scale study. Exp Ther Med. 2020;20(3):2439-2443. doi:10.3892/etm.2020.8945</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorun F, Motoi S, Malita D, et al. Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence in pregnant women in the western region of Romania: A large-scale study. Exp Ther Med. 2020;20(3):2439-2443. doi:10.3892/etm.2020.8945</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Распространенность цитомегаловирусной инфекции среди беременных женщин в г. Москве / Н.С. Науменко, А.В. Белова, О.Р. Асцатурова, А.П. Никонов // Молекулярная диагностика 2017 : сборник трудов IХ Всероссийской научно-практической конференции с международным участием, Москва, 18–20 апреля 2017 года. – М.: ООО фирма «Юлис», 2017. – С. 406–408. – EDN ZONVQP.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naumenko, N. S.; Belova, A. V.; Asczaturova, O. R.; Nikonov, A. P. Rasprostranennost` citomegalovirusnoj infekcii sredi beremenny`x zhenshhin v G. Moskve. Molekulyarnaya diagnostika 2017: sbornik trudov IX Vserossijskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii s mezhdunarodny`m uchastiem, Moscow 2017, 406-408 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рогозина, Н.В. Некоторые серологические маркеры возбудителей TORCH-комплекса у беременных в Санкт-Петербурге / Н.В. Рогозина, И.В. Маркин, В.В. Васильев // Материалы VIII конгресса Евро-Азиатского Общества по инфекционным болезням. – СПб., 2022. – С. 101–102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rogozina NV, Markin IV, Vasil’ev VV. Nekotorye serologicheskie markery vozbuditelei TORCH-kompleksa u beremennykh v Sankt-Peterburge. Materialy VIII kongressa Evro-Aziatskogo Obshchestva po Infektsionnym Boleznyam. Sankt-Peterburg, 2022. 101-102 p</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blázquez-Gamero D, Galindo Izquierdo A, Del Rosal T, et al. Prevention and treatment of fetal cytomegalovirus infection with cytomegalovirus hyperimmune globulin: a multicenter study in Madrid. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;32(4):617-625. doi:10.1080/14767058.2017.1387890</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blázquez-Gamero D, Galindo Izquierdo A, Del Rosal T, et al. Prevention and treatment of fetal cytomegalovirus infection with cytomegalovirus hyperimmune globulin: a multicenter study in Madrid. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;32(4):617-625. doi:10.1080/14767058.2017.1387890</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Craig JM, Macauley JC, Weller TH, Wirth P. Isolation of intranuclear inclusion producing agents from infants with illnesses resembling cytomegalic inclusion disease. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1957 Jan;94(1):4-12. doi: 10.3181/00379727-94-22841). PMID: 13400856.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Craig JM, Macauley JC, Weller TH, Wirth P. Isolation of intranuclear inclusion producing agents from infants with illnesses resembling cytomegalic inclusion disease. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1957 Jan;94(1):4-12. doi: 10.3181/00379727-94-22841). PMID: 13400856.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martí-Carreras J, Maes P. Human cytomegalovirus genomics and transcriptomics through the lens of next-generation sequencing: revision and future challenges. Virus Genes. 2019;55(2):138-164. doi:10.1007/s11262-018-1627-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martí-Carreras J, Maes P. Human cytomegalovirus genomics and transcriptomics through the lens of next-generation sequencing: revision and future challenges. Virus Genes. 2019;55(2):138-164. doi:10.1007/s11262-018-1627-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Долгих, Т.И. Эпидемиологические аспекты цитомегаловирусной инфекции у детей первого года жизни / Т.И. Долгих, В.З. Долматов, Е.А. Гашина // Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунологии. – 2004. – № 5. – С. 26–30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dolgikh TI, Dolmatov VZ, Gashina EA. Ehpidemiologicheskie aspekty tsitomegalovirusnoi infektsii u detei pervogo goda zhizni. Zhurnal mikrobiologii, ehpidemiologii i immunologii; 2004 (5). 26-30 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Герпес-вирусные инфекции человека : руководство для врачей / под ред. В.А. Исакова. – 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. – СПб.: СпецЛит, 2013. – 670 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isakov VA, Arkhipova EI, Isakov DV. Herpesvirusnye infectsii: rukovodstvo dlya vrachey. Ed by V.A. Isakov. 2nd ed. Saint Petersburg: SpetsLit; 2013. 670 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Неверов В.А. Герпес-вирусные инфекции, вызываемые лимфотропными вирусами. Часть IV / В.А. Неверов, Т.П. Демиденко, В.В. Васильев // Российский семейный врач. – 2018. – Т. 22, №. 3. – С. 5–13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neverov V.A., Demidenko T.P., Vasiliev V.V. Herpes virus infections caused by lymphotropic viruses. Part IV // Russian Family Doctor. – 2018. – Vol. 22. – N. 2. – P. 5-13. doi: 10.17816/RFD201825-13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jenks CM, Hoff SR, Mithal LB. Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: Epidemiology, Timely Diagnosis, and Management. Neoreviews. 2021;22(9):e606-e613. doi:10.1542/neo.22-9-e606</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jenks CM, Hoff SR, Mithal LB. Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: Epidemiology, Timely Diagnosis, and Management. Neoreviews. 2021;22(9):e606-e613. doi:10.1542/neo.22-9-e606</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ванькова, О.Е. К вопросу генотипирования цитомегаловирусов / О.Е. Ванькова, Н.Ф. Бруснигина, Г.И. Григорьева // Журнал МедиАль. – 2017. – № 2 (20). – С. 65–72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vankova O.E., Brusnigina N.F., Grigorieva G.I. To the issue of genotypes of cytomegaloviruses. MediAl. 2017;(2):65-72. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pignatelli S., Maurizio D., Ladini M.P. et al. Development of a multiplex PCR for the simultaneous amplification and genotyping of glycoprotein N among human cytomegalovirus strains. New Microbiol. 2010. № 33 (3). Р. 257-262.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pignatelli S., Maurizio D., Ladini M.P. et al. Development of a multiplex PCR for the simultaneous amplification and genotyping of glycoprotein N among human cytomegalovirus strains. New Microbiol. 2010. № 33 (3). Р. 257-262.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang HY, Valencia SM, Pfeifer SP, Jensen JD, Kowalik TF, Permar SR. Common Polymorphisms in the Glycoproteins of Human Cytomegalovirus and Associated Strain-Specific Immunity. Viruses. 2021;13(6):1106. Published 2021 Jun 9. doi:10.3390/v13061106</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang HY, Valencia SM, Pfeifer SP, Jensen JD, Kowalik TF, Permar SR. Common Polymorphisms in the Glycoproteins of Human Cytomegalovirus and Associated Strain-Specific Immunity. Viruses. 2021;13(6):1106. Published 2021 Jun 9. doi:10.3390/v13061106</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen LY, Li W, Xu JL, et al. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2019;57(8):597-602. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2019.08.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen LY, Li W, Xu JL, et al. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2019;57(8):597-602. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2019.08.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arellano-Galindo J, Villanueva-García D, Cruz-Ramirez JL, et al. Detection and gB genotyping of CMV in Mexican preterm infants in the context of maternal seropositivity. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014;8(6):758-767. Published 2014 Jun 11. doi:10.3855/jidc.3501</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arellano-Galindo J, Villanueva-García D, Cruz-Ramirez JL, et al. Detection and gB genotyping of CMV in Mexican preterm infants in the context of maternal seropositivity. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014;8(6):758-767. Published 2014 Jun 11. doi:10.3855/jidc.3501</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pinninti SG, Rodgers MD, Novak Z, et al. Clinical Predictors of Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Cognitive Outcome in Infants with Symptomatic Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016;35(8):924-926. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000001194</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pinninti SG, Rodgers MD, Novak Z, et al. Clinical Predictors of Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Cognitive Outcome in Infants with Symptomatic Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016;35(8):924-926. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000001194</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alwan SN, Shamran HA, Ghaib AH, et al. Genotyping of Cytomegalovirus from Symptomatic Infected Neonates in Iraq. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;100(4):957-963. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.18-0152</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alwan SN, Shamran HA, Ghaib AH, et al. Genotyping of Cytomegalovirus from Symptomatic Infected Neonates in Iraq. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;100(4):957-963. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.18-0152</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarkar A, Das D, Ansari S, Chatterjee RP, Mishra L, Basu B, Ghosh SK, Bhattacharyay M, Chakraborty N. Genotypes of glycoprotein B gene among the Indian symptomatic neonates with congenital CMV infection. BMC Pediatr. 2019 Aug 22;19(1):291. doi: 10.1186/s12887-019-1666-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu H, Peng W, Peng Q, Cheng Y. Cytomegalovirus Genotype Distribution among Congenital and Perinatal Infected Patients with CMV-Associated Thrombocytopenia. Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 2022;41(1):77-86. doi:10.1080/15513815.2020.1765916</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paradowska E, Studzińska M, Suski P, et al. Human cytomegalovirus UL55, UL144, and US28 genotype distribution in infants infected congenitally or postnatally. J Med Virol. 2015;87(10):1737-1748. doi:10.1002/jmv.24222</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paradowska E, Studzińska M, Suski P, et al. Human cytomegalovirus UL55, UL144, and US28 genotype distribution in infants infected congenitally or postnatally. J Med Virol. 2015;87(10):1737-1748. doi:10.1002/jmv.24222</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paradowska E, Jabłońska A, Studzińska M, et al. Cytomegalovirus glycoprotein H genotype distribution and the relationship with hearing loss in children. J Med Virol. 2014;86(8):1421-1427. doi:10.1002/jmv.23906</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paradowska E, Jabłońska A, Studzińska M, et al. Cytomegalovirus glycoprotein H genotype distribution and the relationship with hearing loss in children. J Med Virol. 2014;86(8):1421-1427. doi:10.1002/jmv.23906</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андронова, В.Л. Современная этиотропная химиотерапия цитомегаловирусной инфекции человека: клиническая эффективность, молекулярный механизм действия, лекарственная устойчивость, новые тенденции и перспективы. Часть 2 / В.Л. Андронова // Вопросы вирусологии. – 2018. – № 63(6). – С. 250–260.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andronova V.L. Modern ethiotropic chemotherapy of human cytomegalovirus infection: clinical effectiveness, molecular mechanism of action, drug resistance, new trends and prospects. Part 1 // Problems of Virology. – 2018. – Vol. 63. – N. 5. – P. 202-211. doi: 10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-5-202-211</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hashimoto Y, Sheng X, Murray-Nerger LA, Cristea IM. Temporal dynamics of protein complex formation and dissociation during human cytomegalovirus infection. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):806. Published 2020 Feb 10. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14586-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hashimoto Y, Sheng X, Murray-Nerger LA, Cristea IM. Temporal dynamics of protein complex formation and dissociation during human cytomegalovirus infection. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):806. Published 2020 Feb 10. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14586-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krstanović F, Britt WJ, Jonjić S, Brizić I. Cytomegalovirus Infection and Inflammation in Developing Brain. Viruses. 2021;13(6):1078. Published 2021 Jun 4. doi:10.3390/v13061078</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krstanović F, Britt WJ, Jonjić S, Brizić I. Cytomegalovirus Infection and Inflammation in Developing Brain. Viruses. 2021;13(6):1078. Published 2021 Jun 4. doi:10.3390/v13061078</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Галкина, Д.Е. Иммунологические аспекты нормальной и патологически протекающей беременности / Д.Е. Галкина, Т.А. Макаренко, Д.В. Окладников // Вестник РАМН. – 2022. – № 77(1). – С. 13–24. doi: https://doi.org/10.15690/vramn1507</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galkina D.E., Makarenko T.A., Okladnikov D.V. Immunological Aspects of Normal and Pathological Pregnancy // Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences. – 2022. – Vol. 77. – N. 1. – P. 13-24. doi: 10.15690/vramn1507</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mele F, Fornara C, Jarrossay D, et al. Phenotype and specificity of T cells in primary human cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy: IL-7Rpos long-term memory phenotype is associated with protection from vertical transmission. PLoS One. 2017;12(11):e0187731. Published 2017 Nov 7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.018773</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mele F, Fornara C, Jarrossay D, et al. Phenotype and specificity of T cells in primary human cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy: IL-7Rpos long-term memory phenotype is associated with protection from vertical transmission. PLoS One. 2017;12(11):e0187731. Published 2017 Nov 7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.018773</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lauron EJ, Yang L, Harvey IB, Sojka DK, Williams GD, Paley MA, Bern MD, Park E, Victorino F, Boon ACM, Yokoyama WM. Viral MHCI inhibition evades tissue-resident memory T cell formation and responses. J Exp Med. 2019 Jan 7;216(1):117-132. doi: 10.1084/jem.20181077. Epub 2018 Dec 17. PMID: 30559127; PMCID: PMC6314518.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lauron EJ, Yang L, Harvey IB, Sojka DK, Williams GD, Paley MA, Bern MD, Park E, Victorino F, Boon ACM, Yokoyama WM. Viral MHCI inhibition evades tissue-resident memory T cell formation and responses. J Exp Med. 2019 Jan 7;216(1):117-132. doi: 10.1084/jem.20181077. Epub 2018 Dec 17. PMID: 30559127; PMCID: PMC6314518.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Itell HL, Nelson CS, Martinez DR, Permar SR. Maternal immune correlates of protection against placental transmission of cytomegalovirus. Placenta. 2017 Dec;60 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S73-S79. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.04.011. Epub 2017 Apr 20. PMID: 28456432; PMCID: PMC5650553.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Itell HL, Nelson CS, Martinez DR, Permar SR. Maternal immune correlates of protection against placental transmission of cytomegalovirus. Placenta. 2017 Dec;60 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S73-S79. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.04.011. Epub 2017 Apr 20. PMID: 28456432; PMCID: PMC5650553.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Espino A, El Costa H, Tabiasco J, Al-Daccak R, Jabrane-Ferrat N. Innate Immune Response to Viral Infections at the Maternal-Fetal Interface in Human Pregnancy. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Jul 22;8:674645. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.674645. PMID: 34368184; PMCID: PMC8339430.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Espino A, El Costa H, Tabiasco J, Al-Daccak R, Jabrane-Ferrat N. Innate Immune Response to Viral Infections at the Maternal-Fetal Interface in Human Pregnancy. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Jul 22;8:674645. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.674645. PMID: 34368184; PMCID: PMC8339430.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Роль Toll-подобных рецепторов в патогенезе инфекционных заболеваний человека / Л.В. Ковальчук [и др.] // Курский научно-практический вестник Человек и его здоровье. – 2012. – № 2. – С. 147–153.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korovkina E.S., Kazharova S.V. The toll-like receptors role in inflammatory diseases of the bronchopulmonary system pathogenesis // Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity. – 2016. – Vol. 6. – N. 2. – P. 109-116. doi: 10.15789/2220-7619-2016-2-109-116</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Njue A, Coyne C, Margulis AV, et al. The Role of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection in Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Review of the Potential Mechanisms. Viruses. 2020;13(1):20. Published 2020 Dec 24. doi:10.3390/v13010020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Njue A, Coyne C, Margulis AV, et al. The Role of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection in Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Review of the Potential Mechanisms. Viruses. 2020;13(1):20. Published 2020 Dec 24. doi:10.3390/v13010020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Funato Y. et al. Retrospective immunohistochemical analysis of human cytomegalovirus infection in the placenta and its association with fetal growth restriction //Fujita Medical Journal. – 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Funato Y. et al. Retrospective immunohistochemical analysis of human cytomegalovirus infection in the placenta and its association with fetal growth restriction //Fujita Medical Journal. – 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu, J., Xiao, Q., Xiao, J. et al. Wnt/-catenin signalling: function, biological mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities. Sig Transduct Target Ther 7, 3 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00762-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu, J., Xiao, Q., Xiao, J. et al. Wnt/β-catenin signalling: function, biological mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities. Sig Transduct Target Ther 7, 3 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00762-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гориков, И.Н. Роль активации клеточного иммунитета в патогенезе хронической плацентарной недостаточности при обострении цитомегаловирусной инфекции / И.Н. Гориков, А.В. Бушманов // Материалы XV международной научной конференции «Системный анализ в медицине» (САМ 2021), Благовещенск, 14–15 октября 2021 года. – Благовещенск: Дальневосточный научный центр физиологии и патологии дыхания, 2021. – С. 116–119.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorikov, IN, Bushmanov AV. Rol’ aktivatsii kletochnogo immuniteta v patogeneze khronicheskoi platsentarnoi nedostatochnosti pri obostrenii tsitomegalovirusnoi infektsii. Materialy XV mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii “Sistemnyi analiz v meditsine” (SAM 2021), Blagoveshchensk. 116-119 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Долгушина, Н.В. Эндотелиальные повреждения и плацентарная недостаточность у беременных с вирусными инфекциями / Н.В. Долгушина, А.Д. Макацария // Вопросы гинекологии, акушерства и перинатологии. – 2008. – Т. 7, № 2. – С. 12–17. – EDN IKHZGX.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dolgushina, NV, Makatsariya AD. Ehndotelial’nye povrezhdeniya i platsentarnaya nedostatochnost’ u beremennykh s virusnymi infektsiyami. Voprosy ginekologii, akusherstva i perinatologii. 2008 (7). 12-17 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ceccarelli M, Venanzi Rullo E, Nunnari G. Risk factors of venous thrombo-embolism during cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompetent individuals. A systematic review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018;37(3):381-390. doi:10.1007/s10096-018-3185-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ceccarelli M, Venanzi Rullo E, Nunnari G. Risk factors of venous thrombo-embolism during cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompetent individuals. A systematic review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018;37(3):381-390. doi:10.1007/s10096-018-3185-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дорофиенко, Н.Н. Роль медиаторов воспаления в развитии эндотелиальной дисфункции сосудов пуповины при реактивации латентной цитомегаловирусной инфекции в третьем триместре беременности / Н.Н. Дорофиенко, И.А. Андриевская, Н.А. Ишутина // Acta Biomedica Scientifica (East Siberian Biomedical Journal). – 2021. – Т. 6, № 2. – С. 92–97. – DOI 10.29413/ABS.2021-6.2.10. – EDN AFVFEV.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dorofienko N.N., Andrievskaya I.A., Ishutina N.A. Role of Inflammatory Mediators in Endothelial Dysfunction of Umbilical Cord Vessels in Pregnant Women after Third-Trimester Nonprimary Cytomegaloviral Infection. Acta Biomedica Scientifica. 2021;6(2):92-97. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.29413/ABS.2021-6.2.10</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гориков, И.Н. Механизмы регуляции кровотока в маточных артериях при формировании хронической плацентарной недостаточности, обусловленной обострением цитомегаловирусной инфекции во втором триместре гестации / И.Н. Гориков // Бюллетень физиологии и патологии дыхания. – 2022. – № 84. – С. 86–92. – DOI 10.36604/1998-5029-2022-84-86-92. – EDN LIRQVM.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorikov I.N. Mechanisms of blood flow regulation in the uterine arteries during the formation of chronic placental insufficiency caused by exacerbation of cytomegalovirus infection during the second trimester of gestation. Bulletin Physiology and Pathology of Respiration. 2022;1(84):86-92. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.36604/1998-5029-2022-84-86-92</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Асранкулова, Д.Б. Беременность и острая цитомегаловирусная инфекция / Д.Б. Асранкулова // Re-Health Journal. – 2020. – № 2-2(6). – С. 1–4. – DOI 10.24411/2181-0443/2020-10039. – EDN PYTTJS.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Asrankulova DB. Beremennost’ i ostraya tsitomegalovirusnaya infektsiya. Re-Health Journal. 2020. 2-2(6). 1-4 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гориков, И.Н. Роль циркулирующих иммунных комплексов в изменении кровотока в маточных артериях при обострении цитомегаловирусной инфекции у беременных / И.Н. Гориков // Материалы XV международной научной конференции «Системный анализ в медицине» (САМ 2021), Благовещенск, 14–15 октября 2021 года. – Благовещенск: Дальневосточный научный центр физиологии и патологии дыхания, 2021. – С. 127–130. – EDN VWTTPN.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorikov IN. Rol’ tsirkuliruyushchikh immunnykh kompleksov v izmenenii krovotoka v matochnykh arteriyakh pri obostrenii tsitomegalovirusnoi infektsii u beremennykh. Materialy XV mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii “Sistemnyi analiz v meditsine”. Blagoveshchensk, 2021 oct. 127-130 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андриевская, И.А. Свободнорадикальное окисление и оксигенация гемоглобина при обострении цитомегаловирусной инфекции во втором триместре беременности / И.А. Андриевская, Н.А. Ишутина, О.Л. Кутепова // Acta Biomedica Scientifica. – 2018 – № 3(4). – С. 9–14. https://doi.org/10.29413/ABS.2018-3.4.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andrievskaya I.A., Ishutina N.A., Kutepova O.L. Freeradical oxidation and oxygenation of hemoglobin at exacerbation of cytomegalovirus infection in the second trimester of pregnancy. Acta Biomedica Scientifica. 2018;3(4):9-14. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.29413/ABS.2018-3.4.1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ишутина, Н.А. Роль продуктов перекисного окисления липидов в развитии железодефицитной анемии при цитомегаловирусной инфекции у беременных первого триместра / Н.А. Ишутина, И.А. Андриевская // Бюллетень физиологии и патологии дыхания. – 2020. – № 76. – С. 68–73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ishutina N.A., Andrievskaya I.A. The role of lipid peroxidation products in the development of iron deficiency anemia in cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant women of the first trimester. Bulletin Physiology and Pathology of Respiration. 2020;(76):68-73. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.36604/1998-5029-2020-76-68-73</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петрова, К.К. Оценка относительного риска внутриутробной инфекции плода при цитомегаловирусной инфекции на ранних сроках беременности / К.К. Петрова // Acta Biomedica Scientifica. – 2019. – № 4(3). – С. 45–51. https://doi.org/10.29413/ABS.2019-4.3.6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrova K.K. Relative Risk Assessment of Intrauterine Infection of the Fetus During Cytomegalovirus Infection in Early Pregnancy. Acta Biomedica Scientifica. 2019;4(3):45-51. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.29413/ABS.2019-4.3.6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Луценко, М.Т. Энергетический обмен в плаценте и роль нарушений в развитии плацентарной недостаточности при обострении цитомегаловирусной инфекции / М.Т. Луценко, И.А. Андриевская, И.В. Довжикова // Вестник РАМН. – 2016. – № 71(3). – С. 177–182.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lucenko M.T., Andrievskaya I.A., Dovzhikova I.V. Energy Metabolism in the Placenta and the Role of Disturbances in the Development of Placental Insufficiency at an Exacerbation of Cytomegalovirus Infection // Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences. – 2016. – Vol. 71. – N. 3. doi: 10.15690/vramn534</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Довжикова, И.В. Влияние цитомегаловирусной инфекции на активность нуклеозид-дифосфатазы в плаценте / И.В. Довжикова [и др.] // Бюллетень физиологии и патологии дыхания. – 2021. – Вып. 79. – С.65–71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dovzhikova I.V., Andrievskaya I.A., Ishutina N.A., Dorofienko N.N., Gorikov I.N. Influence of cytomegalovirus infection on nucleoside diphosphatase activity in placenta. Bulletin Physiology and Pathology of Respiration. 2021;(79):65-71. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.36604/1998-5029-2021-79-65-71</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu W, Hu X, Cao B. Viral Infections During Pregnancy: The Big Challenge Threatening Maternal and Fetal Health. Matern Fetal Med. 2021 Dec 9;4(1):72-86. doi: 10.1097/FM9.0000000000000133. PMID: 35187500; PMCID: PMC8843053.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu W, Hu X, Cao B. Viral Infections During Pregnancy: The Big Challenge Threatening Maternal and Fetal Health. Matern Fetal Med. 2021 Dec 9;4(1):72-86. doi: 10.1097/FM9.0000000000000133. PMID: 35187500; PMCID: PMC8843053.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arora N, Sadovsky Y, Dermody TS, Coyne CB. Microbial Vertical Transmission during Human Pregnancy. Cell Host Microbe. 2017 May 10;21(5):561-567. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.04.007. PMID: 28494237; PMCID: PMC6148370.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arora N, Sadovsky Y, Dermody TS, Coyne CB. Microbial Vertical Transmission during Human Pregnancy. Cell Host Microbe. 2017 May 10;21(5):561-567. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.04.007. PMID: 28494237; PMCID: PMC6148370.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malik S, Saran S, Sharma Y. Intracranial calcification, microcephaly, and intrauterine growth restriction: a telltale sign of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Sudan J Paediatr. 2018;18(2):67-68. doi: 10.24911/SJP.106-1530897563. PMID: 30799904; PMCID: PMC6378578.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malik S, Saran S, Sharma Y. Intracranial calcification, microcephaly, and intrauterine growth restriction: a telltale sign of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Sudan J Paediatr. 2018;18(2):67-68. doi: 10.24911/SJP.106-1530897563. PMID: 30799904; PMCID: PMC6378578.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kawasaki H, Kosugi I, Meguro S, Iwashita T. Pathogenesis of developmental anomalies of the central nervous system induced by congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Pathol Int. 2017;67(2):72-82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kawasaki H, Kosugi I, Meguro S, Iwashita T. Pathogenesis of developmental anomalies of the central nervous system induced by congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Pathol Int. 2017;67(2):72-82.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Довжикова И.В., Андриевская И.А., Петрова К.К., Луценко М.Т. Влияние цитомегаловирусной инфекции на преобразование прогестерона в метаболит 5α-прегнан-3,20-дион в плаценте ранних сроков беременности / И.В. Довжикова [и др.] // Бюллетень физиологии и патологии дыхания. – 2018. – № 67. – С. 50–54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dovzhikova I.V., Andrievskaya I.A., Petrova K.K., Lutsenko M.Т. Effect of cytomegalovirus infection on progesterone conversion into a metabolite 5α-pregnan-3.20-dione in the placenta in early pregnancy. Bulletin Physiology and Pathology of Respiration. 2018;(67):50-54. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.12737/article_5a9f265a108f03.54183370</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karamchandani U, Ahmed U, Rufai SR, et al. Long-term ocular and visual outcomes following symptomatic and asymptomatic congenital CMV infection: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open. 2022;12(5):e059038. Published 2022 May 18. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059038</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karamchandani U, Ahmed U, Rufai SR, et al. Long-term ocular and visual outcomes following symptomatic and asymptomatic congenital CMV infection: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open. 2022;12(5):e059038. Published 2022 May 18. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059038</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Da Cunha T, Wu GY. Cytomegalovirus Hepatitis in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Hosts. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2021;9(1):106-115. doi:10.14218/JCTH.2020.00088</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Da Cunha T, Wu GY. Cytomegalovirus Hepatitis in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Hosts. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2021;9(1):106-115. doi:10.14218/JCTH.2020.00088</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Auriti C, De Rose DU, Santisi A, et al. Pregnancy and viral infections: Mechanisms of fetal damage, diagnosis and prevention of neonatal adverse outcomes from cytomegalovirus to SARS-CoV-2 and Zika virus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2021;1867(10):166198. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166198</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Auriti C, De Rose DU, Santisi A, et al. Pregnancy and viral infections: Mechanisms of fetal damage, diagnosis and prevention of neonatal adverse outcomes from cytomegalovirus to SARS-CoV-2 and Zika virus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2021;1867(10):166198. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166198</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клинические и морфологические особенности пороков развития у детей с врожденными цитомегаловирусной и токсоплазменной инфекциями / Л.Ю. Барычева, М.В. Голубева, М.А. Кабулова, И.В. Косторная // Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. – 2015. – Т. 60, № 3. – С. 50–57. – EDN RXURAF.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barycheva L.Yu., Golubeva M.V., Kabulova M.A., Kostornaya I.V. Clinical and morphological characteristics of malformations in infants with congenital cytomegalovirus infection and congenital toxoplasmosis. Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics). 2015;60(3):50-57. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
