jofinЖурнал инфектологииJournal Infectology2072-6732IPO “АIDSSPbR"10.22625/2072-6732-2022-14-4-26-37jofin-1377Research ArticleОбзорReviewНарушения в системе иммунитета после перенесенной новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19Immune system disturbances after a new coronavirus infection COVID-19ГлазановаТ. В.GlazanovaT. V.

Глазанова Татьяна Валентиновна – заведующий научно-исследовательской лабораторией иммунологии, д.м.н.

Санкт-Петербург

Saint-Petersburg

tatyana-glazanova@yandex.ruШиловаЕ. Р.ShilovaE. R.

Шилова Елена Романовна – к.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории иммунологии, к.м.н.; тел.: 8 (812)717-08-90

Санкт-Петербург

Saint-Petersburg

sherom08@inbox.ruРоссийский научно-исследовательский институт гематологии и трансфузиологииРоссияRussian Research institute of hematology and transfusiologyRussian Federation2022181020221442637Copyright © Глазанова Т.В., Шилова Е.Р., 20222022Глазанова Т.В., Шилова Е.Р.Glazanova T.V., Shilova E.R.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.niidi.ru/jofin/article/view/1377

За время пандемии появилось большое число работ, посвященных COVID-инфекции, позволивших достаточно глубоко понять патогенетические особенности течения заболевания, накопить значительный клинический опыт. Однако остаётся открытым вопрос о степени участия гуморального и клеточного (прежде всего, Т-клеточного звена) иммунитета в механизмах иммунной защиты и невосприимчивости к инфицированию вирусом, особенностях иммунного ответа отдельных лиц. Постковидный синдром в настоящее время является самостоятельным диагнозом и включен в Международную классификацию болезней МКБ-10, но отдаленные последствия воздействия вируса SARS-CoV-2 на иммунную систему еще недостаточно хорошо установлены. При этом длительно поддерживаемая повышенная активность иммунной системы может способствовать развитию аутоиммунных реакций и осложнений. В обзоре литературы приводятся результаты исследований, главным образом, посвященных проблемам нарушений в системе иммунитета после перенесенной инфекции COVID. Описаны особенности изменений в субпопуляциях Т-лимфоцитов, В-лимфоцитов, их функциональных свойств, системы комплемента и других факторов гуморального иммунитета, а также продукции ряда ключевых цитокинов. Подробно представлены данные об иммунологических нарушениях при постковидном синдроме и в периоде реконвалесценции. Так как COVID-19 является инфекцией, оказывающей значительное влияние на кроветворную систему и гемостаз, то особое внимание уделяется категории лиц с повышенным риском развития тяжелых осложнений. В числе последних – пожилые больные, пациенты, страдающие сахарным диабетом, онкологическими и онкогематологическими заболеваниями, в особенности опухолевыми заболеваниями кроветворной и лимфоидной тканей, такими как хронический лимфолейкоз, лимфома, множественная миелома. В обзоре уделено отдельное внимание особенностям течения COVID-19 и реакции иммунной системы на вакцинацию у пациентов с онкогематологическими заболеваниями. Расшифровка значимости отдельных звеньев клеточного и гуморального иммунитета у пациентов, перенесших COVID-19, является важным вопросом при создании эффективных вакцин и совершенствовании методов терапии.

During the pandemic, a large number of works devoted to COVID infection have appeared, which have made it possible to understand the pathogenetic features of the disease and to accumulate significant clinical experience. However, the question remains about the degree of participation of humoral and cellular (primarily T-cell) immunity in the mechanisms of immune defense and resistance to COVID-19, the individual features of the immune response in different subjects. Post-COVID syndrome is currently a separate diagnosis included in the ICD-10 International Classification of Diseases, but the long-term effects of the SARS-CoV-2 on the immune system are not yet well established. At the same time, a long-term increased activity of the immune system can contribute to the development of autoimmune reactions. The review of the literature presents the results of studies, mainly devoted to immune system disorders after COVID infection. The changes in subpopulations of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, their functional properties, the complement system and other factors of humoral immunity, as well as the production of a number of cytokines are described. Data on immune disorders in post-COVID syndrome and during the convalescence period are presented in detail. Since COVID-19 is an infection that has a significant impact on the hematopoietic system and hemostasis, special attention is paid to the category of subjects with an increased risk of severe complications. Among the latter are elderly patients, persons suffering from diabetes mellitus, oncological and oncohematological patients, in particular, with hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue neoplasia, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma. The review pays special attention to the peculiarities of the course of COVID-19 and the response of the immune system to vaccination in patients with oncohematological diseases. Deciphering the significance of individual links of cellular and humoral immunity in patients who have undergone COVID-19 is an important issue in creating effective vaccines and improving therapeutic methods.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.